Part 2-IV Section Outline

Participatory Development & NGOs:
A Look at the World Bank in the 1990s

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1. NGOs: What They Are and What They Do
   1. NGOs are Private Organizations that Have Significant Influence on Public Policy, Including Development Issues.
   2. NGOs are Powerful Even Though They do Not Share Sovereign Status with Nation-States.
   3. NGOs Mobilize Civil Society, Monitor Governments and International Organizations, Provide Technical Expertise, and Help Disseminate Information.
2. NGOs and Their Relationship with The World Bank
   1. The World Bank was Initially Reluctant to Disclose Information about Member Nations to NGOs.
   2. After considerable NGO pressure, the World Bank realized that NGOs could improve Bank operations and policy.
   3. NGOs' Concerns Led to the Creation of the World Bank Inspection Panel, Which has Enabled Communities to Monitor and Challenge Bank Development Policies.
3. NGOs and Their Impact On Development
   1. NGOs Have Become Major Participants in Global Discussions Regarding Governance.
   2. A Fear that NGOs Contributed to an Erosion of Sovereignty Emerged.
   3. States and International Organizations Such as the World Bank and the IMF Formulated More People-Centered Development Policy Built From the Ground Up.
4. NGOs: Their Limitations
   1. Governments on the Defensive.
   2. NGOs Focused Too Heavily on Governmental Officials and Suffered from "Tunnel Vision."
   3. NGOs May Not Have Been Responsive to Their Constituencies.

[Part Two Bibliography]

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