Resources: From Bourgeois to Boojie

Alba, Richard D, John R. Logan, and Brian J. Stults. “How Segregated are Middle-Class African Americans?” Social Problems 47.4 (Nov 2000): 543-558.

Asquith, Christina. “Putting Ghetto on Blast.” Diverse: Issues in Higher Education 24.5 (19 Apr 2007): 9.

Black, Amy E. “African American and White Elites Confront Racial Issues.” Society 39.4 (May/Jun 2002): 39-45.

Blackburn, Regina Naasirah. “Binary Visions, Black Consciousness, and Bling-Bling.” Socialism & Democracy 18.2 (Jul/Dec 2004): 79-105.

Blair-Loy, Mary and Gretchen Dehart. “Family and Career Trajectories Among African American Female Attorneys.” Journal of Family Issues 24.7 (Oct 2003): 908-933.

Boyd, Robert. “Transformation of the Black Business Elite.” Social Science Quarterly 87.3 (Sep 2006): 602-617.

Brown, Stephanie and Keith Clark. “Melodramas of Beset Black Manhood? Meditations on African-American Masculinity as Scholarly Topos and Social Menace: An Introduction.” Callaloo 26.3 (Summer 2003): 732-737.

Brown, Timothy J. “Reaffirming African American Cultural Values: Tupac Shakur’s Greatest Hits as a Musical Autobiography.” Western Journal of Black Studies 29.1 (Spring 2005): 558-573.

Cernkovich, Stephen A., Peggy C. Giordano and Jennifer L. Rudolph. “Race, Crime, and the American Dream.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency. 37.2 (May 2000): 131-170.

Chambers, Jason. “Equal in Every Way: African Americans, Consumption, and Materialism from Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Movement.” Advertising & Society Review 7.1 (2006).

Clay, Andreana. “‘All I Need is One Mic’: Mobilizing Youth for Social Change in the Post-Civil Rights Era.” Social Justice 33.2 (2006): 105-121.

Crain, Rance. “Closing Minority Gap Could be Business Opportunity for Some.” Advertising Age 77.28 (10 Jul 2006): 14.

Croteau, James M., Donna M. Talbot, Teresa S. Lance, and Nancy J. Evans. “A Qualitative Study of the Interplay Between Privilege and Oppression.” Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development 30.4 (Oct 2002): 239.

DeSoto, Aureliano Maria. “A Canvas of Desire: The Racialized and Sexualized Professor in the Classroom.” MELUS 30.2 (Summer 2005): 209-223.

Edgell, Penny and Eric Tranby. “Religious Influences on Understandings of Racial Inequality in the United States.” Social Problems 54.2 (May 2007): 263-288.

Ellison, Ralph. “When Does a Black Join the Middle Class?”

Edmunds, Susan. “The Race Question and the ‘Question of the Home’: Revisiting the Lynching Plot in Jean Toomer’s Cane.” American Literature 75.1 (2003): 141-168.

Everett, Anna. “The Revolution Will be Digitized: Afrocentricity and the Digital Public Sphere.” Social Text 20.2 (2002): 1250146.

Ferguson, Roderick A. “African American Masculinity and the Study of Social Formations.” American Quarterly 581. (2006): 213-219.

Foley, Barbara. “Jean Toomer’s Washington and the Politics of Class: From ‘Blue Veins’ to Seventh-Street Rebels.” Modern Fiction Studies 42.2 (1996): 289-321.

“From Eunuchs to an Endangered Species: Black Nationalism as a Politics of Masculine Protest Revisited.” Journal of African American History 90.3 (Summer 2005): 286-298.

Gosa, Travis L. “Family (Dis)Advantage and the Educational Prospects of Better Off African American Youth: How Race Still Matters.” Teachers College Record 109.2 (Feb 2007): 285-321.

Gullickson, Aaron. “The Significance of Color Declines: A Re-Analysis of Skin Tone Differentials in Post-Civil Rights America.” Social Forces 84.1 (Sep 2005): 157-180.

Ginwright, Shawn A. “Classed Out: The Challenges of Social Class in Black Community Change.” Social Problems 49.4 (Nov 2002): 544-562.

Gray, Herman. “Black Masculinity and Visual Culture.” Callaloo 18.2 (Spring 1995): 401-405.

Haidarali, Laila. “Polishing Brown Diamonds: African American Women, Popular Magazines, and the Advent of Modeling in Early Postwar America.” Journal of Women’s History 17.1 (2005): 10-37.

Herbert, Bob. “Slavery is Not Dead. It’s Not Even Past.” New York Times 156.53870 (1 Mar 2007): A19.

Herr, Kathryn. “Private Power and Privileged Education: De/constructing Institutionalized Racism.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 3.2 (Apr 1999).

Horvat, Erin McNamara and Anthony Lising Antonio. “‘Hey, Those Shoes Are Out of Uniform’: African American Girls in an Elite High School and the Importance of Habitus.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 30.3 (Sep 1999): 317-42.

Hwang, Sean-Shong, Kevin M. Fitzpatrick, and David Helms. “Class Differences in Racial Attitudes: A Divided Black America?” Sociological Perspectives 41.2 (1998): 367-380.

Inniss, Leslie B. and Joe R. Feagin. “The Cosby Show: The View from the Black Middle Class.” Say it Loud: African-American Audiences, Media, and Identity. Ed. Robin R. Means Coleman. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Irving, Toni. “Borders of the Body: Black Women, Sexual Assault, and Citizenship. Women’s Studies Quarterly 35.1/2 (Spring/Summer 2007): 67-92.

Jain, Sarah S. Lochlann. “‘Come Up to the Kool Taste’: African American Upward Mobility and the Semiotics of Smoking Menthols.” Public Culture 15.2 (2003): 295-322.

Jean, Yanick St. “The Family Cost of White Racism: The Case of African American Families.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 29.2 (Summer 1998): 297-312.

Jenkins, Candice M. “Queering Black Patriarchy: The Salvific Wish and Masculine Possibility in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple.” Modern Fiction Studies 48.4 (2002): 969-1000.

Jenkins, Candice M. “Pure Black: Class, Color, and Intraracial Politics in Toni Morrison’s Paradise.” Modern Fiction Studies 52.2 (2006): 270-296.

Kelley, Robin D. G. “House Negroes on the Loose: Malcolm X and the Black Bourgeoisie.”  Callaloo 21.2 (Spring 1998): 419-35.

Kerr, Audrey Elisa. “The Paper Bag Principle: Of the Myth and the Motion of Colorism.” Journal of American Folklore 118.469 (2005): 271-289.

King, Ryan D. and Darren Wheelock. “Group Threat and Social Control: Race, Perceptions of Minorities and the Desire to Punish.” Social Forces 85.3 (Mar 2007): 1255-1280.

Krysan, Maria and Reynolds Farley. “The Residential Preferences of Blacks: Do They Explain Persistent Segregation?” Social Forces 80.3 (2002): 937-980.

Lacy, Karyn R. “Black Spaces, Black Places: Strategic Assimilation and Identity Construction in Middle-Class Suburbia.” Ethnic & Racial Studies 27.6 (Nov 2004): 908-930.

Lamont, Michele and Crystal Flemming. “Everyday Antiracism: Competence and Religion in the Cultural Repertoire of the African American Elite.” W. E. B. Du Bois Review 2.1.

Lang, Clarence. “Between Civil Rights and Black Power in the Gateway City: The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes.” Journal of Social History 37.3 (Spring 2004): 725-754.

Little, M. Ruth. “The Other Side of the Tracks: The Middle-Class Neighborhoods that Jim Crow Built in Early-Twentieth-Century North Carolina.” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 7 (1997): 268-280.

McDermott, Monica. “Class Structure and Racial Consciousness Among Black Americans.” Critical Sociology 27.1 (2001): 1-28.

McDonald, Katrina Bell. “Black Activist Mothering: A Historical Intersection of Race, Gender, and Class.” Gender and Society 11.6 (Dec 1997): 773-795.

McKinney, Karyn D. “The Many Costs of Discrimination: The Case of Middle-Class African Americans. Indiana Law Review 34 (2001).

Murray, Rolland. “How the Conjure-Man Gets Busy: Cultural Nationalism, Masculinity, and Performativity.” The Yale Journal of Criticism 18.2 (2005): 299-321.

Neal-Barnett, Angela M. “To be Female, Middle Class, Anxious, and Black.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 24.2 (Jun 2000): 129.

Nelson, Thomas E., Kira Sanbonmatsu, and Harwood K. McClerking. “Playing a Different Race Card: Examining the Limits of Elite Influence on Perceptions of Racism.” Journal of Politics 69.2 (May 2007): 416-429.

Perkins, Linda M. “The African American Female Elite: The Early History of African American Women in the Seven Sisters Colleges, 1880-1960.” Harvard Educational Review (Winter 1997).

Philipp, Steven F. “Are We Welcome? African American Racial Acceptance in Leisure Activities and the Importance.” Journal of Leisure Studies 31.4 (1999): 385.

Prince, Sabiyha. “Will the Real Black Middle Class Please Stand Up?” Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine 58.3 (Jul 2006): 67-79.

Prince, Sabiyha Robin. “Changing Places: Race, Class, and Belonging in the ‘New’ Harlem.” Urban Anthropology & Studies of Cultural Systems & World EconomicDevelopment 31.1 (Spring 2002): 5.

Pyle, Ralph E. “Trends in Religious Stratification: Have Religious Group Socioeconomic Distinctions Declined in Recent Decades?” Sociology of Religion 67.1 (Spring 2006): 61-79.

“Race, Class, and Changing Patterns of Migration Between Poor and Nonpoor Neighborhoods.” American Journal of Sociology 110.6 (May 2005): 1715-1763.

Robinson, Cedric J. “The Black Middle Class and the Mulatto Motion Picture.” Race & Class 47.1 (2005): 14-34.

Ross, Allison and Kathleen Barker. “Cell Phones, Clothing, and Sex: First Impressions of Power Using Older African Americans as Stimuli.” Psychological Reports 93.3 (Dec 2003): 879-882.

Rothman, Stanley and Amy E. Black. “Who Rules Now? American Elites in the 1990s.” Society 35.6 (Sep/Oct 1998): 17-20.

Sacks, Marcy. “‘To be a Man and Not a Lackey’: Black Men, Work, and the Construction of Manhood in Gilded Age New York City.” American Studies 45.1 (Spring 2004): 39-63.

Serandour, Margaret. “Through a Glass Darkly: The Image of the Black Middle Class in General-Readership Publications.” Revue Francaise d’Etudes Americaines 16.47 (Feb 1991): 39-50.

“Setting the Record Straight on the State of Black Inequality in the United States.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 21 (Autumn 1998): 46-47.

Sides, Josh. “Straight into Compton: American Dreams, Urban Nightmares, and the Metamorphosis of a Black Suburb.” American Quarterly 56.3 (2004): 583-605.

Smith, Shawn Michelle. “‘Baby’s Picture is Always Treasured’: Eugenics and the Reproduction of Whiteness in the Family Photograph Album.” The Yale Journal of Criticism 11.1 (1998): 197-220.

Theoharis, Jeanne F. “‘We Saved the City’: Black Struggles for Educational Equality in Boston, 1960-1976.” Radical History Review 81 (2001): 61-93.

Watson, Jeffrey A. and Sally A. Koblinsky. “Strengths and Needs of African American and European American Grandmothers in the Working and Middle Classes.” The Journal of Negro Education 69.3 (Summer 2000): 199-214.

Wiese, Andrew. “Black Housing, White Finance: African American Housing and Home Ownership in Evanston, Illinois, Before 1940.” Journal of Social History 33.2 (1999): 429-460.

Williams, Megan E. “The Crisis Cover Girl: Lena Horne, the NAACP, and Representations of African American Femininity, 1941-1945.” American Periodicals 16.2 (2006): 200-218.

Barnes, Annie S. Say it Loud: Middle-Class Blacks Talk About Racism and What to Do About It. Pilgrim, 2000.

Bogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Film. Continuum International, 2001.

Boston, Thomas. A Different Vision: African American Economic Thought. Routledge, 1996.

Bowser, Benjamin P. The Black Middle Class: Social Mobility – and Vulnerability. Lynn Reinner, 2006.

Cashin, Sheryll. The Failures of Integration: How Race and Class are Undermining the American Dream. PublicAffairs, 2004.

Coner-Edwards, Alice F. and Jeanne Spurlock. Black Families in Crisis: The Middle Class. Routledge, 1998.

Conley, Dalton. Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America. U of California P, 1999.

Cose, Ellis. The Envy of the World: On Being a Black Man in America. Washington Square, 2003.

Cose, Ellis. The Rage of a Privileged Class: Why do Prosperous Blacks Still Have the Blues? Harper, 1995.

Cromwell, Adelaide M. The Other Brahmins: Boston’s Black Upper Class, 1750-1950. U of Arkansas P.

Drake, St. Clair and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. U of Chicago P, 1993.

Dyson, Michael Eric. Is Bill Cosby Right? Or Has the Black Middle Class Lost its Mind? Basic, 2005.

Entman, Robert M., and Andrew Rojecki. The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2001.

Farred, Grant. What’s My Name? Black Vernacular Intellectuals. U of Minnesota P, 2003.

Gatewood, Willard B. Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 188o-1920.

Graham, Lawrence Otis. Our Kind of People: Inside America’s Black Upper Class. Harper Perennial, 2000.

Inniss, Leslie B. and Joe R. Feagin. “The Cosby Show: The View from the Black Middle Class.” Say it Loud: African-American Audiences, Media, and Identity. Ed. Robin R. Means Coleman. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Jewell, K. Sue. From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of U.S. Social Policy. Routledge, 1992.

Lacy, Karyn R. Blue-Chip Black: Race, Class, and Status in the New Black Middle Class. U of California P, 2007.

Landry, Bart. Black Working Wives: Pioneers of the American Family Revolution. U of California P, 2000.

Landry, Bart. The New Black Middle Class. U of California P, 1987.

Mason, Patrick L., ed. African Americans, Labor, and Society: Organizing for a New Agenda. Wayne State UP, 2001.

Massey, Douglas and Nancy Denton. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Harvard UP, 1998.

McHenry, Elizabeth. Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African-American Literary Societies. Duke UP, 2002.

McLoyd, Vonnie C., Nancy E. Hill, and Kenneth A. Dodge, eds. African American Family life: Ecological and Cultural Diversity. Guilford, 2005.

McMickle, Marvin A. Preaching to the Black Middle Class: Words of Challenge, Words of Hope. Judson, 2000.

Rooks, Noliwe M. White Money / Black Power: The Surprising History of African American Studies and the Crisis of Race in Higher Education. Beacon, 2007.

Russell, Kathy, Midge Wilson, and Ronald Hall. The Color Complex. Anchor, 1993.

Oliver, Melvin L. and Thomas M. Shapiro. Black Wealth, White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge, 1997.

Oliver, Melvin D. The Black Middle Class and Social Transformation. U of Michigan P, 1992.

Ross, Karen. Black and White Media: Black Images in Popular Film and Television. Polity, 1996.

Shapiro, Thomas M. The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality. Oxford UP, 2003.

Summers, Martin. Manliness and its Discontents: The Black Middle Class and the Transformation of Masculinity, 1900-1930. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2003.

Tatum, Beverly Daniel. Assimilation Blues: Black Families in White Communities: Who Succeeds and Why? Basic, 2001.

Trotter, Joe W., Earl Lewis, and Tera W. Hunter, eds. The African American Urban Experience: Perspectives from the Colonial Period to the Present. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Tucker, Linda G. Lockstep and Dance: Images of Black Men in Popular Culture. U of Mississippi P, 2007.

Weems, Jr., Robert E. “Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century.” New York UP.

Williams, Melvin D. The Black Experience in Middle-Class America: A Social Hierarchy and Behavioral Biology. Edwin Mellen, 2001.

Williams, Stephanie Ann. Art Museums and High culture in the Life of the Middle-Class Black American. Dissertation: U of Pennsylvania, 2001.

Winch, Julie. The Elite of Our People: Joseph Willson’s Sketches of Black Upper-Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia. Penn State UP, 2000.

Wright, David J., Mary Patillo, and Lisa Montiel. The Flip Side of the Underclass: Unexpected Images of Social Capital in Majority-African American Neighborhoods. Rockefeller Institute, 2007.

Zweigenhaft, Richard., and G. Domhoff. Blacks in the White Establishment?: A Study of Race and Class in America. Yale, 1993.