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List of tables
List of figures
Preface and Acknowledgments
1. Dry Bones Paleopathology Project Background information
2. Accidents and injuries as Cause for Skeletal Abnormalities
3. Inflammation. Infection
with Epilogue. Wet Bones, Dry Bones. Middle ear disease
4. Tumors and Cysts
with Epilogue. External ear canal disease. Wet Bones, Dry Bones
5. Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders
7. Congenital and Developmental Disorders
with Epilogue. Wet Bones, Dry Bones. USD Craniofacial Anomalies Team Special
bibliography
8. Obstetrical, Neonatal, and Childhood Disorders. Demography
10. Comments regarding Dry Bones. The Future
I.1 U.S. Ten leading causes of death
Chapter 1.
1.1 South Dakota archaeology sites
1.2 Ages at death, Crow Creek
1.3 Bone element counts, Crow Creek
1.4 Cut marks Crow Creek frontals
1.5 Decapitation Crow Creek skulls
1.6 Number skull fractures Crow Creek
1.7 Loci skull fractures Crow Creek
1.8 Long bone mutilation Crow Creek
1.9 Metatarsal mutilation Crow Creek
Chapter 2.
2.1 Skeletal injuries, different sites
2.2 Antemortem skeletal injury Crow Creek
2.3 Trauma Larson Site
2.4 Trauma by category Larson Site
2.5 Comparison trauma: Larson, Mobridge, Leavenworth
2.6 Nasal septal deflection, 365 skulls
Chapter 3.
3.1 Infection and inflammation by site
3.2 Inflammation & infection Crow Creek
3.3 Focal periostitis Larson Site
3.4 Focal periostitis by site
3.5 Mastoid development in radiographs
3.6 Auditory ossicles, research findings
Chapter 4.
4.1 U.S. Cancer deaths, Whites
4.2 Age adjusted cancer deaths, U.S. by race
4.3 Cancer deaths, S.D. Native Americans
4.4 Tumors and cysts, miscellaneous skeltons
4.5 Tumors and cysts, Crow Creek
4.6 Ear canal exostoses, Hrdlicka data
4.7 Ear canal exostoses, Dry Bones
Chapter 5.
5.1 Orbit cribra, porotic hyperostosis, Crow Creek skulls
5.2 Porotic hyperostosis, cribra, miscellaneous skeletons
5.3 Local periostitis, Crow Creek
5.4 Accentuated vascular markings Crow Creek distal metaphyses
5.5 Altered radiographis patterns Crow Creek humeri and femora
5.6 Crow Creek bone, analysis for lead
Chapter 6.
6.1 Osteophytes and porosity, Sully and Larson Sites
6.2 Degenerative disorders, miscellaneous skeletons
6.3 Crow Creek degenerative changes
Chapter 7.
7.1 Anomalies, miscellaneous skeletons
7.2 Anomalies, salvage archaeology skeletons
7.3 Anomalies, Crow Creek, cranio-facial
7.4 Anomalies, Crow Creek spinal
7.5 Anomalies, Crow Creek, vertebral assimilation, other
7.6 Anomalies cranial, cranio-vertebral in 2,500 skulls
7.7 Non-odontogenic, nonepithelial cysts (pseudocysts), frequency
7.8 South Dakota births & facial clefts
7.9 South Dakota craniofacial anomalies by type, 1960-1984
7.10 South Dakota births, facial clefts,multi-racial counties 1960-1984
7.11 Craniofacial anomalies in upper midwest United States
7.12 Recent cranifacial anomalies epidemiological studies compared
Chapter 8.
8.1 North American skeletal crude death rate
8.2 Larson cemetery age and sex
8.3 Larson sub-adult deaths by age
8.4 Larson earthlodge skeletons age & sex
8.5 Crow Creek ages at death
8.6 Age, sex, Larson, Leavenworth, Sully
8.7 Comparison Leavenworth, Sully, Bronze age Greece, Indian Knoll
8.8 Life expectancy, representative world populations
Chapter 9.
9.1 Dental abnormalities at Crow Creek
9.2 Dental abnormalities, miscellaneous skeletal collections
9.3 Carious teeth types at Leavenworth
9.4 Alveolar abscesses Leavenworth
1.1 U.S. horse dispersal routes
1.2 Slant Village, Ft. Lincoln, ND
1.3 Arikara burial with femoral fracture
1.4 Mobridge Site intrusive burial
1.5 Leavenworth Site disturbed burial
1.6 Wolff Mound skull, rodent gnawing
1.7 Mandan skull circle from Catlin
1.8 Post-mortem mutilations, Sully skull
1.9 Split Rock Creek excavation, 1940s
1.10 Map South Dakota archaeological sites
1.11 Femur Fig. 1.3, at laboratory, healed fracture, transverse lines
1.12 Mobridge (MO-1) skeleton
1.13 Leavenworth Site, topographical map
1.14 1823 Leavenworth campaign against Arikara villages
1.15 1965 Leavenworth Site, salvage archaeology
1.16 1966 Leavenworth Site, salvage archaeology
1.17 Leavenworth cemetery, topography to southwest
1.18 Leavenworth cemetery 1983; bank erosion; burial missed in 1960s
1.19 1966 Rygh Site, early inundation by reservoir
1.20 Crow Creek site topography showing fortifications
1.21 A. Erosion west end Crow Creek fortification ditch, mass burial
1.21 B. Crow Creek mass grave exposed
1.22 A. Crow Creek skull with cut marks
1.22 B. Recent Crow Creek skull fractures
1.22 C. Scalping marks, embedded flint chip
1.23 Decapitation marks & skull fracture
1.24 Child's skull, vertebra, cut marks paracondyloid process
1.25 Skull fractures from blunt, broad instruments
1.26 Adult skull, medial, lateral surfaces, scalping cuts and fracture
1.27 Long bones, para-mortem mutilations
1.28 Leavenworth cemetery, poor preservation from acidic soil
1.29 A. Excavation Leavenworth cemetery 1965
1.29 B. Leavenworth cemetery, 1965, cultural artifact
1.29 C. Museum Building, University of Kansas, Lawrence
Chapter 2
2.1 A. Healing skull fracture and postulated sub-dural hematoma
2.1 B. Antero-posterior (A-P) radiograph
2.1 C. Lateral radiograph
2.2 A. A-P Skull radiograph: healed severely depressed fracture
2.2 B. Lateral radiograph
2.2 C. Skull, lateral view
2.3 Large healed occipital area injury
2.4 A. Healing infraorbital fracture
2.4 B. Para-mortem infraorbital fractures
2.4 C. LeFort lines I, II, III
2.5 Nasal septal deflection, turbinate hypertrophy
2.6 Adult vertebrae, anterior wedging T-12
2.7 A,B. Callus modification, schematic
2.7 C. Callus modification, ulna
2.8 Pre-Columbian healed femoral fracture
2.9 Femur, healed fractures upper & lower
2.10 Tibia, lateral condylar fracture
2.11 Schematic explanation of 2.10
2.12 Fracture, patella
2.13A,B,C. Hip dislocation, adult
2.14 Heterotopic ossification, fibulae
2.15 Subperiostial hematoma, traumatic
2.16 Old amputation tibia and fibula, joint sequellae
2.17 Innominate bone, projectile point
2.18 Adult skull, metal projectile, orbit
2.19 Putative "bullet hole", left frontal
2.20 A,B. Early surgical trephines
2.21 A. Cut marks child's occipital bone
2.21 B. Cuts with steel & flint knives
2.22 Skull, non-lethal scalp avulsion
2.23 Skull, remodeling after scalping
2.24 A. Degenerative changes humeral head
2.24 B. Humeral head injuries, schematic
2.25 Olecranon fracture, pseudoarthrosis, degenerative joint changes
2.26 Fibulae, disparate growth, epiphyseal disturbance during growth
2.27 A. Radius distortion, ? post-injury
2.27 B. Fibula, lateral bend, ? post-trauma
Chapter 3
3.1 U.S. Death rates per 100,000 1900-1970, selected causes
3.2 A,B. Osteomyelitis mandible and mastoid abscess
3.2 C. Pyogenic acute (juvenile) osteomyelitis, femur
3.2 D. Chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis
3.3 Fulmanating infection (abscess) left mastoid
3.4 Non-lethal scalping with osteomyelitis
3.5 Osteomyelitis scapula after drag injury
3.6 Sacrum, inflammatory changes at tip
3.7 Aberdeen Indian Area, incidence of tuberculosis 1962-1973
3.8 Miliary tuberculosis young adult
3.9 A. Pott's disease deformity from India
3.9 B. 14th century East Tennessee figurine, ? Potts disease
3.10 Pott's disease & psoas muscle abscess, diagrammatic
3.11 A. Periostitis tibia and fibula of treponemal origin ?
3.11 B. Radiograph of suspected syphilitic involvement of tibia
3.12 Adult skull with destructive face lesion
3.13 Modern facial infectious processes
3.14 A-G. Adult skull with multiple unusual osteolytic defects
3.14 H,I. Radiographs of calvarium
3.15 Distal fibula, embedded stone fragment
3.16 Turbinate hypertrophy adult skull; allergy ?
3.17 Aberdeen Indian Area, incidence of notifiable diseases CY 1973
3.18 Aberdeen Indian Area, otitis media/age
3.19 Normal mastoid and radiographs
3.20 A-D. Typical abnormal mastoid radiographs
3.20 E,F. Child's mastoid radiographs with sclerotic changes
3.21 Skull with chronic mastoiditis and cholesteatoma
3.22 Pre-Columbian mastoid radiogaphs with cholesteatoma
Chapter 4
4.1 Osteolytic frontal bone defect ? neoplastic implant
4.2 Exostoses (osteoma) in adult skulls
4.3 Osteoid osteoma adult tibia
4.4 Humerus and radiograph, osteochondroma
4.5 Representative bone spurs
4.6 Innominate bone lesions secondary to penetrating foreign object
4.7 Fibrous dysplasia, adult male tibia
4.8 Metatarsal bone, probable enchondroma
4.9 Cystic defect frontal bone, adult skull
4.10 Cystic defect, parietal region, probably post traumatic
4.11 Adult mandible, Stafne defect
4.12 Osteolytic defects, ? vascular origin (hemangoma)
4.13 A-F. Outer ear canal exostoses, spongy, knobby, linear, and spicular
4.14 Diagram of forces acting upon external ear canal during growth
Chapter 5
5.1 Child's skull and radiographs, probable Histiocytosis X
5.2 Cribra orbitalia and occipital pits
5.3 Subperiostial hemorrhages in various stages of healing
5.4 Temporal bone, surface alterations of metabolic origin ?
5.5 "Bone within a bone" alterations
5.6 Distal sub-adult femur, radiograph amd gross specimen
5.7 Metaphyseal growth markings sub-adult long bones
5.8 Abnormal markings of metabolic origin distal sub-adult femur
5.9 Medullary and cortical metabolic changes humeral radiographs
5.10 Medullary and cortical metabolic changes distal femora
5.11 A-F. Transverse lines, radiographs and gross specimens
5.12 Skulls, medullary and cortical changes of metabolic origin
5.13 Skull radiograph, medullary cortical changes
5.14 Humeral radiographs, V-shaped lines, medullary alterations
Chapter 6
6.1 Drawing of the knee joint of an adult man
6.2 Degenerative and rheumatoid arthritis loci, schematic
6.3 Hypertropic and rheumatoid arthritic hand involvement, schematic
6.4 Population distribution by sex and age, White, Indian
6.5 Cortical thickness as % bone length: index of loss and age
6.6 Sternum, degenerative changes
6.7 Cervical vertebrae, anterior lipping, osteophytosis
6.8 Lower spine, developmental defects and degenerative changes
6.9 Jaw joint changes due to tooth loss, faulty mastication
6.10 Early tempormandibular changes in an almost edentulous mandible
6.11 Early degenerative joint changes, knee
6.12 Extensive degenerative change, knee
6.13 Metacarpal and phalangeal arthritis
6.14 Severe knee joint changes
6.15 Ankylosing spondylitis, young male
6.16 Loci, ankylosing spondylitis, schematic
6.17 Mandible, osteoporotic changes
6.18 Edentulous mandible and radiograph
Chapter 7
7.1 Location of human skeletal anomalies, schematic
7.2 Figurine with cleft lip and palate from Mexico
7.3 Wormian (Inca) bones
7.4 Macrocephalic and normal child skulls
7.5 Maxillary-palatal fusion, skull base, schematic
7.6 A-F. Cranio-vertebral junction anomalies
7.6 G.
7.7 Anomalous styloid processes
7.8 Child's skull, microtia, anomalous ossicles
7.9 Mandible with hemi-facial dysostosis
7.10 Mandible with asymmetrical heads
7.11 Loci non-odontogenic cysts, schematic
7.12 Hard palate defects, origin unknown
7.13 Multiple facial developmental anomalies
7.14 Anomalous facial development
7.15 Nasopalatine and nasoalveolar cysts
7.16 Accessory sinuses (Agar nasi)
7.17 Patent ethmoid-orbit plates
7.18 Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, schematic
7.19 Spina bifida manifesta, location in spine
7.20 Unilateral seventh cervical rib
7.21 A-F. Multiple vertebral anomalies
7.22 Multiple lumbo-sacral region anomalies
7.23 Radius-ulna synostosis, Crow Creek skeleton
7.24 Tibia-fibula synostoses proximal and distal
7.25 Probable congenital hip dislocation pre-Columbian child
7.26 A,B. Congenital hip dislocation, young adult, radiographs
7.26 C-F. Hip dislocation, pelvis and contiguous bones
7.27 Anomalous manubrium, sternal foramen
7.28 Rib, bifurcated anteriorly
7.29 South Dakota total and facial cleft births, 1960-1984
7.30 South Dakota resident live birth cleft rates by race, 1960-1984
7.31 South Dakota rate of clefting by county 1960-1984
7.32 Composite graph cleft rates per 1000 births, upper midwestern U.S.
7.33 Composite graph with international cleft rates per 1000 births
Chapter 8
8.1 Frontispiece Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life (Catlin)
pages 4,5,8,9 from Shut Your Mouth
pages 10,11,12,13 from Shut Your Mouth
8.2 Infant death rates, Indian Aberdeen Area and all races U.S.
8.3 Births in PHS Indian Hospitals 1964-1974
8.4 Ten leading causes for hospitalization Aberdeen Area Indians
8.5 Leading causes of infant deaths by age group, S.D. Indians
8.6 Distribution of deaths by cause Aberdeen Indian Area
8.7 South Dakota longevity, 1750, and 1965-1973 compared
Chapter 9
9.1 Aberdeen Indian Area, oral health, % of Indian people examined
9.2 Aberdeen Indian Area, average # permanant teeth missing, decayed or filled, ages about
5 to 19 years, 1957-1973
9.3 Adult skull with plaque, tooth wear, caries, alveolar resorption
9.4 A,B. Mandan and Arikara skulls with degenerative dental disease
9.5 Severe degenerative dental disease, pre and post-Columbian skulls
9.6 Large antral-oral fistula, pre-Columbian skull
9.7 Gumline caries and interproximal groove
9.8 Small palatine torus
9.9 Isolated dental pearl
9.10 A-E. Anomalous dentition, South Dakota skulls
9.11 Anomalous dentition first premolar
9.12 Radiographs, skulls with inverted maxillary teeth
9.13 Typical Arikara childhood and early adult dentition
Chapter 10
10.1 Site of ceremonial at Crow Creek during excavation in 1978
10.2 Bear Butte, Meade County, South Dakota
10.3 Bear Butte in the blizzard
