Updated: November 20, 2002
Holistic science
Ethnology
Linguistic anthropology
Social anthropology
Ecological anthropology
Economic anthropology
Medical anthropology
Archaeology
Paleoanthropology
Primate paleontology
Primatology
Human variation
Human adaptability
Skeletal biology
Forensic anthropology
Paleopathology
Scientific Method
fact
theory
creationism
Linnaeus (1707-1778)
fixity of species
Lamarck (1744-1829)
inheritance of acquired characters
Cuvier (1769-1832)
catastrophism
Lyell (1797-1875)
uniformitarianism
Darwin (1809-1882)
natural selection
Malthus (1766-1834)
population growth and struggle for existence
Wallace (1823-1913)
differential reproductive success
molecule
chromosome
zygote
ontogeny
gene
DNA - double stranded
Watson & Crick
sugar & phosphate backbone
base units of DNA:
A - adenine
T - thymine
G - guanine
C - cytosine
nucleotide
double helix
RNA - single stranded
U - uracil (in place of thymine)
DNA replication
cloning
polypeptide chain
ribosome (site of protein synthesis)
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
double helix
Base units:
A - Adenine, G - Guanine
T - Thymine, C - Cytosine
mitosis
meiosis
replication
protein synthesis
triplet
codon
amino acids - 20 kinds
RNA - ribonucleic acid
Single strand with base Uracil - U
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomes
transcription & translation
transfer RNA (tRNA)
polypeptide proteins
Proteins
Recombinant DNA Technology
Anthropoidea (anthropoids)
Lemuriformes (lemurs)
Lemuridae
Indriidae
Lorisiformes (lorises)
Lorisidae
Tarsiiformes (tarsiers)
Tarsiidae
Platyrrhini (Ceboidea or N.W. monkeys)
Cebidae
Callitrichidae
Catarrhini (O.W. monkeys & apes)
Cercopithecoidea (O.W. monkeys)
Cercopithecidae
Hominoidea (apes and humans)
Hylobatidae (lesser apes)
Pongidae (great apes)
Hominidae (humans)
gibbon -- Hylobates lar
Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
mountain gorilla - Gorilla gorilla beringei
C. Yamagewa
Rwanda
1) locomotion behavior
2) dietary adaptations
3) communication systems
4) dominance and status
5) monther-infant relationships
6) juvenile behavior
7) male-female sexual bonds
8) role seperation by age and by sex
9) objection manipulation & learned behavior
Chimpanzee baby
African bushbaby
Squirrel monkey
Cercopithecus monkey
Mountain gorilla
Aye Aye
Chimpanzee behaviors, East Africa
Termite hunting
Nut-cracking
Mineral supplements
Medicinal plants
Orangutan
Chimpanzee finger-painting
Baboons in savanna
Japanese macaques (overcrowding)
Chimpanzee
Self recognition
Awareness of others
Common chimpanzee, East Africa
Bonobo, central Zaire
Kanzi, language acquisition
Rudiments of culture
primate evolutionary trends
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
diastema
Dental Formula
= Incisors : Canines : Premolars : Molars
bilophodont pattern
Y - 5 pattern
calvarium
mandible (lower jaw)
cranium
postcranium
axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton
quadrupedalism
vertical clinging and leaping
brachiation (suspensory climbing)
knuckle-walking
bipedalism
primate origins
cranial specializations
postcranial specializations
arboreal hypothesis
G. Elliot Smith
Matt Cartmill
visual predation hypothesis
hand/mouth/eye coordination
terminal branch feeding
R.W. Sussman
Fruit-eating and the evolution of flowering
plants
Superorder: Archonta
primate outgroups: tree shrews, flying
lemurs and bats
Paleocene (65 Ma to 53 Ma)
Plesiadapiforms
Eocene (52 Ma to 37 Ma)
omomyoids
tarsius
adapoids
loris - lemur
anthropoid origins
anthropoid origins
continental drift
island-hopping & rafting
Branisella: earliest platyrrhine (late Oligocene)
platyrrhine origins: from Parapithecid relative?
Fayum, Egypt (Eocene-Oligocene)
catarrhine origins: Catopithecus (Oligopithcidae)
Parapithecidae: Apidium
Propliopithecidae: Aegyptopithecus
Rusinga Island, Kenya (early Miocene)
cercopithecoid origins: Victoriapithecus
bilophodonty & generalized postcrania
Omo, Ethiopia (Pliocene)
Theropithecus brumpti
large flaring cheekbones
hominoid origins: Proconsul (early Miocene)
"dental apes" but not postcranial apes
hominoid postcranial specializations
Potwar Plateau, Pakistan (mid Miocene)
orangutan origins: Sivapithecus -
dish-shaped facial anatomy
Gigantopithecus origins (from Sivapithecus)
Lufeng, southern China (late Miocene)
gibbon origins: Laccopithecus
Macedonia, Greece (late Miocene)
African ape origins: Ouranopithecus -
angled face anatomy
Migration from Eurasia back into Africa
Chimp/Gorilla/Human origins
paleoanthropology in the field
hominid origins
Afar Research Expedition
Hadar, Ethiopia (3.0 to 3.3 m.y.a.)
Donald Johanson, paleoanthropologist
Maurice Taieb, geologist
Tim White, paleoanthropologist
interdisciplinary fieldwork
Australopithecus afarensis
Owen Lovejoy, anatomist
paleoanthropology in the laboratory
Lecture 21: Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Evolution I
Hominid-pongid split
Origin of bipedalism: anatomical basis
Scenarios for origin of bipedalism
CENTRAL and EAST AFRICA SITES:
Chad, Central Africa - 6.0 to 7.0 m.y.a.
Sahelanthropus tchandensis
Michel Brunet
Tugen Hills, Kenya - ~ 6.0 m.y.a.
Orrorin tugenensis
Andrew Hill and Brigitte Senut
Aramis, Ethiopia - 4.4 m.y.a.
Ardipithecus ramidus
Tim White
Middle Awash, Ethiopia - 5.3 to 5.8 m.y.a.
Lothagam, Kenya - ~ 5.7 m.y.a.
Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya - 3.8 to 4.2 m.y.a.
Australopithecus anamensis
Kenyanthropus platyops, 3.2 to 3.5 m.y.a.
Meave Leakey
Hadar, Ethiopia - 3.0 to 3.6 m.y.a.
Australopithecus afarensis
Donald Johanson --- "Lucy"
Laetoli, Tanzania - 3.4 to 3.6 m.y.a.
Mary Leakey -- hominid footprints
Hadar, Ethiopia - 3.0 to 3.6 m.y.a.
Australopithcus afarensis
Donald Johanson --- "Lucy"
Laetoli, Tanzania - 3.4 to 3.6 m.y.a.
Mary Leakey -- hominid footprints
West Turkana, Kenya - 2.5 m.y.a.
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania - .5 to 1.8 m.y.a.
Paranthropus boisei
Early Homo: Homo habilis
East Turkana, Kenya - ~ 1.8 m.y.a.
Richard Leakey
Bouri Peninsula, Ethiopia - ~ 2.5 m.y.a.
Australopithecus garhi
Tim White
Oldowan stone tool industry
SOUTH AFRICA SITES - limestone caves:
Taung - 2.5 m.y.a.
Raymond Dart - Taung skull
Australopithecus africanus
Robert Broom
Sterkfontein - 3.0 to 3.5 m.y.a.
Paranthropus robustus
Robinson - "Dietary Hypothesis"
Molarized premolars & reduced incisors
gracile & robust
ASIAN RECORD:
Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia, ~ 1.75 m.y.a.
David Lordkipanidze
D2700 - 600 cc
Longgupo Cave, China,1.9 m.y.a.
Huang Wanpo
Mojokerto, Java, 1.8 m.y.a., early Homo
Sangiran Dome, 1.6 m.y.a. to 1.0 m.y.a.
Homo erectus
Lecture 24: Evolution
of Homo erectus in Java and China
Homo ergaster
Dmanisi, Georgia, 1.8 m.y.a.
Longgupo, China, 1.9 m.y.a.
Mojokerto, Java, 1.8 m.y.a.
Homo erectus morphology
Eugene Dubois, Trinil, Java - .9 m.y.a. "Pithecanthropus erectus"
= H. erectus
Ralph von Koenigswald
Sangiran, Java - 1.0 to 1.55 m.y.a.
Teku Jacob, Gaja Mada Univ., Java
Tanjung 1993.05, nearly complete cranium Sangiran 17, most complete H. erectus
Geology and dating of Sangiran Dome
40Ar/39Ar dating of pumices and tuffs
ties most crania to dated levels
Davidson Black
"Sinanthropus pekinensis" = H. erectus
Zhoukoudian, China, ~ 500,000 yrs ago
choppers, scrapers - simple artifacts
Pachycrocuta, giant hyena
Predator and prey at Zhoukoudian
The extinction of Homo erectus
latest occurence at Ngandong, Java
site dated by ESR to < 50,000 yrs ago
Multiregional Evolution Model = Wolpoff (= Regional
Continuity) = Weidenreich
Complete Replacement Model = Stringer (= Out of Africa Model)
Afro-European-sapiens hypothesis = Brauer
Mitochrondrial Eve hypothesis = Rebecca Cann
Origin of anatomically modern H. sapiens
Klasies River Mouth, South Africa (100,000+ yrs?)
Border Cave, South Africa (90,000 yrs ago?)
Kibish, Omo, Ethiopia (120,000 yrs ago)
Jebel Qafzeh, Israel (100,000 yrs ago)
Skhul, Israel (90,000 yrs ago)
Cro-Magnon, Europe (32,000 yrs ago)
Middle Paleolithic culture = neandertals
Mousterian (scrapers, points & knives)
Upper Paleolithic cultures = Anat Mod. H. sapiens
Aurignacian Cave art, Gravettian Venue figurines
Asian Evidence:
Liujiang, China (~40,000 yrs ago)
Upper Cave, Zhoukoudian (20,000 yrs)
Australian Evidence: 30,000+ yrs ago
New World evidence: 15,000 to 20,000 yrs ago
Spirit Cave and Kennewick
Two dispersals into the New World?