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Bibliography on Victorian Historicism: General Studies:
Bann, Stephen. The Clothing of Clio: A Study of the Representation
of History in Nineteenth Century Britain and France. Cambridge U P,
1984.
Boos, Florence. "Alternative Futures: Victorian Historicism, Past
and Present, and A Dream of John Ball." In Boos, ed.,
Essays in Victorian Medievalism, New York: Garland, 1991.
Bright, Michael. Cities Built to Music: Aesthetic Theories of the
Victorian Gothic Revival. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1984.
Buckley, Jerome Hamilton. The Triumph of Time: A Study of the Victorian
Concepts of Time, History, Progress, and Decadence. Cambridge: Belknap
Press, 1966.
Burrow, J. W. A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English
Past. Cambridge U P, 1981.
Chapman, Raymond. The Sense of the Past in Victorian Literature.
London: Croom Helm, 1986. Some discussion of Victorian historical
fiction.
Clark, G. Kitson. "A Hundred Years of the Teaching of History at Cambridge:
1873-1973." Historical Journal 16 (1973): 535-553.
Clive, John. "The Use of the Past in Victorian England." Salmagundi
5 (Fall-Winter 1985-86): 48-65. Political uses of history.
Culler, A. D. The Victorian Mirror of History. Yale, 1985.
Dale, Peter Ann. The Victorian Critic and the Idea of History: Carlyle,
Arnold, Pater. Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1977.
de Caro, Francis A. "G. L. Gomme: The Victorian Folklorist as Ethnohistorian."
Journal of Folklore Institute (Bloomington) 19.2-3 (May-Dec.
1982): 107-117.
Dellheim, Charles. The Face of the Past: the Preservation of the
Medieval Inheritance in Victorian England. Cambridge, 1982.
Dilthey, Wilhelm. Selected Works. Vol. 5, "Poetry and Experience."
Edited by RudolfMakkreel and Frithjob Rodi. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1985.
Dixon, R.W. History of the Church of England. 1878-1902. Anglican
viewpoint.
Hough, Graham. Yeats.
Feldman, Durton and Robert Richardson, The Rise of Modern Mythology:
1680-1860. Indiana University Press, 1972.
Fitzsimons, M.A. The Past Recaptured' Great Historians and the History
of History. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983.
Friederich, Werner P. Dante's Fame Abroad 1350-1850. University
of North Carolina, 1950.
Fry, Ruth Eckmann. "The Victorian Image of the German Revolution, 1806-1871,
As Reflected in the Writings of Carlyle, Matthew Arnold and George Eliot."
DA1 44 (1983): 1464A.
Gardiner, Patrick. Theories of History, ed. New York: The Free
Press, 1959.
Giroud, Mark. The Return to Camelot. Yale, 1981.
Gooch, George P. History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century.
Longmans, 1913. Discusses Hallam and Macaulay; Thirlwall, Grote
and Arnold; Carlyle and Froude; the Oxford' School; Gardiner, Lecky,
Seeley and Creighton; and Acton and Maitland. Also contains specialized
studies, such as "The Jews and the Christian Church," and "Catholic
Historiography."
Harte, N. B. One Hundred and Fifty Years of History Teaching at
University College, London. London: University College, London,
1982.
The Last Romantics. London: Duckworth, 1949. Pugin, Ruskin,
Morris, Jagger, Alison M.
Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and
Littlefield, 1988. Contains an account of nineteenth-century socialist
views of human nature.
Jann, Rosemary. The Art and Science of Victorian History. Columbus:
Ohio State U P, 1985. Discusses Arnold, Carlyle, Macaulay, and Froude.
Jann, Rosemary. "Changing Styles in Victorian Military History." Clio:
A Journal of Literature, History, and the Philosophy of History 11
(Winter 1982): 157-64. Discusses Carlyle, Thomas Arnold, Thomas Gardiner,
and Samuel Rawson.
Jann, Rosemary. "From Amateur to Professional: The Case of the Oxbridge
Historians." British Studies 22 (1983): 122-147.
Kegel, Charles Herbert. "Medieval-Modern Contrasts Used for a Social
Purpose in the Work of William Cobbett, Robet Southey, A. Welby Pugin,
Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and William Morris. Diss., University of
Michigan, 1955.
Kenyon, John. The History Men.' The Historical Profission in England
Since the Renaissance.
London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, and Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh,
1983.
Kinnell, Suan K., ed. Historiography: An Annotated Bibliography
of JournalArticles, Books, and Dissertations. Santa Barbara, Calif.:
ABC-Clio, 1987.
Lowenthal, David. The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge,
1985. Attempt at an ovendew-includes sections on the Renaissance, Victorian
Britain, memory, relics, creative anachronism, etc.
McDougall, Hugh. Racial Myth in English History: Trojans, Teutons,
and Anglo-Saxons. University Press of New England, 1982.
McGann, Jerome, ed. Historical Studies and Literary Criticism. University
of Wisconsin, 1985.
Mitchell, Jerome. Scott, Chaucer, and Medieval Romance: A Study
in Sir Walter Scott~ Indebtedness to the Literature of the Middle Ages.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987. Very thorough. Scott's
neo-medievalism influenced a whole generation of Victorian writers.
Morris, Kevin L. The Image of the Middle Ages in Romantic and Victorian
Literature. London: Croom Helm, 1984. Religious medievalism; anti-medievalism;
Kenelm Diby; Catholics and anti-Catholics; medieval eccelstiastical
archtitecture; Ruskin and medieval art.
Morton, Patricia M. "Life After Butterfield? John Burrow's A Liberal
Descent and the Recent Historiography of Victorian Historians."
Historical Reflections 10 (1983): 229-44.
Roberts, Helene E. "Victorian Medievalism: Revival or Masquerade?"
Browning Institute Studies 8 (1980): 11-44.
Rosadot, Kurt. "Metaphorical Representations of the French Revolution
in Victorian Fiction." Nineteenth-Century Literature 43 (June
1988): 1-23.
Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York, 1978.
St. Louis, Ralph F. "The Middle Ages as a Political and Social Ideal
in the Writings of Edmund Burke, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Thomas Carlyle,
and John Ruskin." DAI 1973: 3600A-3601A.
Schenker, Mark. "Historical Transcendentalism in the Works of Carlyle,
Newman, and Browning." DAI 49 (April 1989): 3036A.
Shaw, Christopher and Malcolm Chase, eds. The Imagined Past.' History
and Nostalgia. Manchester U P, 1989. Nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Tuman, Myron Chester. "Frederick the Great, Romola, The Ring and
The Book and the MidVictorian Crisis in Historicism." DAI 34 (1974):
7251A.
Turner, Frank. The Greek Heritage in ~ctorian Britain. Yale
University Press, 1981.
Some Important English Works of History in the Late-Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Century:
Gibbon, Edward. The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire. 1776.
8 volumes.
Turner, Sharon. History of the Ango-Saxons, 1799-1805.
Green, J. R. A Short History of the English People, 1874. A
History of the English People, 1880-83. Green was a militant radical
and pioneer of populist approach to history. The hero of his history
is the English people, and his account includes criticism of English
treatment of Ireland, Scotland, India, America, and France. According
to Gooch: "His work possesses the living interest of a biography and
the dramatic unity of an epic." Green died at age 46.
Gardiner, Samuel. History of the English Revolution, 1863- Moderate
view of Royalists and Parliamentarians.
Lecky, W. E. H. History of Rationalism. Reviewed critically
by George Eliot. History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 1878-90.
Uncovers history of enforced "union" with Ireland, though Lecky opposed
Irish independence.
Seeley, John Robert. The Expansion of Englandl, Boston: Roberts,
1883. Source for proponents of British imperial power, though ambivalent
about the value of expansion. "Bigness is not necessarily greatness.
If by remaining in the second rank of magnitude we can hold the first
rank morally and intellectually, let us sacrifice mere material magnitude."
Creighton, Mandell, History of the Papacy. London: Longmans,
Green and Co., 1882-94. His accounts of the early Renaissance Popes
are not as unsympathetic as earlier Protestant histories had been.
Acton, J. E. History of Freedom, 1877. Lecture on the Study
of History, 1895. Historian of Catholicism, who believed England
had preserved much of the spirit of essential Catholicism in its political
institutions.
Maintland, F.W. History of English Law, 1895. Analyzes assumptions
and mental processes behind laws. A co-worker was Mary Bateson.
Bateson, Mary. Records of the Borough of Leicester, 1899, and
other works of medieval borough history 1901-1904.
Grote, George. History of Greece, 1846-56. Sympathetic to democratic
government.
Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823-92). Radical historian of classical
Greece, one of the "Oxford School." Also wrote The History of the
Norman Conquest (1867), which contains an opening description of
Anglo-Saxon England, the settlement of the Norsemen in France, and a
study of the Danish kings. According to Gooch, "Worshipping political
liberty, he believed that he found it among the Teutonic nations and
above all in his own country." Great emphasis on political events; detested
autocratic cruelty (in contrast to Froude and Carlyle). Other works
included: Growth of the English Constitution (1872), William
the Conquerer (1894), Old English History (1895), and Sketches
of Travel in Normandy and Main (1897).
Hallam, Henry. Sketch of Europe in the Middle Ages. 1818. Emphasis
on government and law. Relatively more ample treatment of France, Italy,
and Spain, more meagre treatment of Germany and Eastern Europe.
Hallam, Henry. Constitutional History the Accession of Henry VIi
to the Death of George II. N. Y.: Sheldon, 1862. One of first works
on modern England, from a right-wing Whig view; he believed in the existence
of an English "constitution" (that is, the right of Parliament to limit
the Crown), but remained distrustful of public opinion.
Palgrave, History of Normandy and England. Gives a "Romanist"
view of British law and history.
Kemble, John Mitchell. The Saxons in England, 1849. One of first
British "Germanists," believing that "The Englishman has inherited the
noblest portion of his being from the Anglo-Saxons. In spite of every
influence, we bear a marvellous resemblance to our forefathers." He
collected Anglo-Saxon documents, and dominated English historical scholarship
for a generation.
Alison, Archibald. The History of Europe, 1833-42. Anti-reformist,
Tory view of European revolutions. Of George III: he "never lost power
with the thinking few."
Arnold, Thomas, History of Rome, 1838-1841.
Jameson, Anna. Sacred and Legendary Art. 2 vols. 1848.
Prescott, William Henry. The Conquest of Mexico, 1843. The
Conquest of Peru, 1847.
Neale, John. The History of the Eastern Church. London: C. F.
Hodgson, 1854.
Milman, Henry Hart. History of Latin Christinaity, 1854-55.
Indifferent to doctorinal controversy, detached view of Catholicism.
Mill, James. History of British India. London: J. Madden, 1858.
Martineau, Harriet. A History of England During the Thirty Years
Peace, 1858.
Macaulay, Thomas B. Historical Essays. Famous Whig polemicist;
as a historian, according to C. P. Gooch, he is best on English history
of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He attacked Hallam's near-Tory
view, and eulogized the character and policy of Cromwell in a way which
prepared for Carlyle.
Macaulay, Thomas B. History of England, 18567-18627 Highly favorable
view of "Glorious Revolution" and of William II, exaggerated heroization
and demonization of character.
Strickland, Agnes. Lives of the Queens of England. 1885.
Froude, J. History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death
of Elizabeth. Scribner, 1895. A defense of the English Reformation,
admired Henry VIII, disliked Elizabeth I.
Robertson, J. R. The Cryptic Rite, 1888. Also wrote other histories
of Freemasonry.
Stubbs, William. Constitutional History of England, 1874- Conservative
medieval historian of the "Oxford School."
Wood, Mary Everett, ed. Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies
of Great Britain from the Commencement of the Twelfth Century to the
Close of the Reign of queen Mary. 3 vols. London, 1846.
Semmel, Bernard. "T. B. Macaulay: The Active and Contemplative Lives."
In Richard A. Levine, ed., The Victorian Experience.' The Prose Writers.
Athens: Ohio U P, 1982. 2246.
A Few Works the Victorians Would Have Read to Understand the Past:
Boccacio, Decameron.
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Troilus, Legend of Good Women
Dante, The Divine Comedy, Vita Nuovo
Homer, both epics
Apulieus, The Golden ./lss
Voltaire, "Essay on Customs"; one of first exponents of "Kulturgeschicte,"
general enlightenment conception of "culture." Winkelmann, historian of
ancient art as embodiment of Greek mind. William ofMalmesbury, Gesta
Romanorum Golden Legend
Vergil, Sappho, Aeschylus Apollonius Rhodius, ~Irgonatutica Hesiod,
Works and Days Grimm's M~~rchen Heimskringla (trans. 1844)
ztrabian Nights, trans. 1838. Rubaiyat, adapted Edward Fitzgerald
Frazer, James, The Golden Bough
Jakob Burkhardt, histories of the Renaissance Tyler,
John.
Froissart, Jean. Chronicles of England, France, and Spain... Morgan,
Lewis Henry, ~lncient Society. Darwin, Charles. Origin of Species,
1859.
Keightley, Thomas. The Fairy Mythology, Illustrative of the Romance
and Superstition of Various
Countries. London, 1850. Baring-Gould, Sabine. Curious Myths
of the Middle ~lges. Cambridge, 1868. Scott, Walter. "Essay on Chivalry."
Digby, Kenelm. The Broad Stone of Honor. London: C. and J. Rivington,
1823. Guest, Lady Charlotte, ed. Mabinogion. 1812.
- Some other compendia and collections included Bishop Percy's Reliques
(1765) and Paul Mallet's Northern .4ntiquities (1770).
Victorian Prose Historicists:
Pugin, Augustus N. W. Contrasts. 1836.
Carlyle, Thomas. The French Revolution, 1837. On Heroes andHero-Worship,
1841. Past and Present, 1843. Frederick the Great, 6
vols., 1858-65. Essay on Portraits of John Knox, 1875. Early
Kings of Norway, 1875.
Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of ~Irchitecture, 1849. The
Stones of Venice, 1851-53 (includes "The Nature of Gothic," set-piece
of Victorian medievalism). Selections from Modern Painters, 1843-1860.
Arnold, Matthew. On the Study of Celtic Literature, 1867. Culture
and~lnarchy, 1869.
Morris, William. Many translations of the sagas and Norse poetry, e.g.,
Grettirs Saga, Volsunga Saga, multivolume Saga Library (with
MagnO sson), 1891-95. Several essays on medieval art and labor, such
as "Art and Labour," "The Literature of the North," "Early England,"
in Hopes and Fears fir./Irt, 1882, and Signs of Change, 1888.
Morris, William and E. Belfort Bax. Socialism: Its Growth and Outcome.
Swan Sonnenschein: London, 1893. Contains chapters on European economic
development from a Marxist perspective.
Pater, Walter. The Renaissance. 1873. Imaginary Portraits,
1887. Marius the Epicurian, 1885.
Engels, Friedrich. The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and
the State. English translation, 1884.
Kropotkin, Peter. an essay on the medieval economy.
Lee, Vernon. The Countess of Albany. 1888. Studies in the
Eighteenth Century. 189X. Yonge, Charlotte. Unknown to History,
18 .
Rosenberg, John D. Carlyle and the Burden of History. Oxford:
Clarendon, 1985. Symonds, John A. Renaissance Fancies and Studies.
The Renaissance in Italy, 1875-86.
Lee, Vernon. Countess of Albany, 1884. Studies of the Eighteenth
Century in Italy, 1880,
Euphorion, 1884, a study of Renaissance art, Renaissance
Fancies and Studies, 1895.
Dobson, Ernest, Eithteenth-Century Vignettes, 1892. Blatchford,
Robert. Merrie England, 1894.
Banham, Joanna and Jennifer Harris, eds. William Morris and the
Middle Ages. University of Manchester, 1984.
Some Examples of Victorian Historical Fiction:
Manning, Anne. Mary Poweli, 1849. The Householdof
Sir Thomas More. 1851, repr. London: Chatto and Windus, 1909.
Newman, John Henry. Callista, 1856.
Reade, Charles. The Cloister and the Hearth, 1861.
deMinto, Walter.The Meditation of Ralph Harddot, 1888.
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, Harold, 1848, The Caxtons, 1850,
The Last Days of Pompeii, The Last of the Barons, Rienzi, The Last
of the Tribunes.
Dickens, Charles. Barnaby Rudge, 1841, A Tale of Two Cities,
1859. (Also wrote A Child~ History of England, 1851-53.)
Kingsley, Charles, Hypatia, 1853; Westward rio! 1855,
Hereward the Wake, 1866. Thackeray, William M. The Luck of
Barry Lyndon, 1844, History of Henry Esmond, 1852. Thackeray,
Anne. Miss Angel, 1875. Emotional life of Angelica Kauffman.
Eliot, George. Romola, 1866.
Lawless, Emily. With Essex in Ireland, 1890. Maelcho. A Sixteenth-Centuyr
Narrative, 1894.
Morris, William, The House of the Wolfings, 1889, Roots of
the Mountains, 1890, A Dream of John Ball, 1888;
Yonge, Charlotte, The Lances of Lynwood, 1855, Unknown to
History, Martineau, Harriet, The Hour and the Man, 1841.
Scott, Walter, Ivanhoe, 1819, The Talisman, 1825, ~Inne of
Geierstein, 1829, Redfauntlet, 1824.
The ~lntiquary, 1816, The Heart of Midlothian, 1816.
Also wrote History of Scotland, 1829.
Boos, Florence. "Morris's German Romances as Socialist History," Victorian
Studies 27 (Spring 1984): 321-42.
Historicist Poetry and Drama:
Swinburne, Algernon. sqtalanta in Calydon, 1865. Many
poems from Poems and Ballads, 1866. Tristram of Lyonesse, 1882.
Tale of Balen, 1896. Rosamund, Queen of the Lorebards, 1899.
Bothwell, 1877.
Tennyson, Alfred. poems from 1832 Poems, including "Lancelot
and Guenevere" and "Tithonus,"; from 1842 including "Ulysses" and "Lady
Clare"; The Princess, 1847; The Idylls of the King, 1856-69.
King Harola. Many others on classical themes--"Lucretius," "Oenone"--and
on medieval ones, "Follow the Gleam," and dramas, Harold, 1877,
and Becket, 1884.
Browning, Robert. Dramtic Romances and Lyrics, 1845, Men
and Women, 1855, Dramatis Personae, 1864, The Ring and
the Book, 1868.
Morris, William. The Defence of Guenevere, 1858, The Li~
and Death of Jason, 1867, Sigurd the golsung, 1876, The
Earthly Paradise, 1868-70, Love Is Enough, 1873.
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. "Lady Geraldine's Courtship" from the
1844-Poems.
Rossetti, Dante G. Dante and His Circle, 1874, Poems, 1881;
includes "The Blessed Damozel," "Sister Helen, .... Dante at Verona,
.... The Staff and the Scrip," "The King's Tragedy," "The White Ship,
.... Rose Mary," several sonnets on pictures.
Rossetti, Christina. several poems in Goblin Market and Other POems,
1862, and The Prince~ ProFess and Other Poems, 1866. Especially
note "Monna Innominata," a response to Petrarchan tradition.
Webster, Augusta. Dramatic Studies, 1866, Portraits, 1870,
a play set in Caligula's Rome, The Sentence, 1887. Portraits
include "Circe," "Medea," "Joan of Arc."
Jones, Henry. The Crusaders, 1893.
Dobell, Sydney. Balder, 1854.
Aytoun, W. H. Lay of the Scottish Cavaliers, 1848.
"Owen Meredith," Clytemnestra, 1855.
Arnold, Matthew. "Empedocles on Etna," "Tristram and Iseult, Mycerinus."
Dixon, R. W. Historical Odes, 1864. Mano.
Scott, Walter. Martalon, 1808, The Lady of the Lake, 1810.
Macaulay, Thomas. Lays of Ancient Rome, 1842.
Symonds, Arthur. Wine, Women, and Song, 1884. Translation of
medieval Latin students' songs. Yeats, William B., ed. Celtic Fairy
Tales, 1892, play, Cathleen Ni Houlihan, 1902.
Baker, Lee. "The Diamond Necklace and the Golden Ring: Historical Imagination
in Carlyle and Browning." Victorian Poetry 24 (Spring 1986):
31-46.
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