Professionalism & Reform

The Army

• No draft
• Recruitment of enlisted men
• Officers: purchase of commissions

Edward Cardwell (Secretary of State for War)

• flogging (peacetime)
• term of enlistment reduced
• purchase of commissions
• blocked by House of Lords, 1871
• "Order in Council"--Privy Council

The Law Society

Medical Schools

Cadavers

• 1832 Anatomy Act
• Workhouses
• Burke and Hare
• Corpsehouses

Surgery

• ether
• antiseptic surgery
• Joseph Lister
• dentistry

Nursing

• Florence Nightingale
• separate spheres
• caring women
• germ-free patient handling

Civil Service

• competitive exams--1870
• "Order in Council"
• classics

Private Tutor

Public School

• Eton
• Harrow
• Rugby
• Thomas Arnold

Thomas Hughes

• Tom Brown's School Days
• Sports
  • Rugby football
  • Rowing
• Manliness

Charles Kingsley

• "Muscular Christianity"

Thring of Uppingham

• compulsory sports

Cheltenham Ladies College

• Dorothea Beale

Grammar Schools

• day schools for middle class

1870 Education Act

• Working class/lower middle class
• Ends at 13
• Coeducational
• Clerks
• Schoolteachers

Educational System

• Public Schools (boarding/fees)
• Grammar Schools (day/fees)
• State funded elementary schools (free)
  • Church of England
  • School Boards

What was driving the new emphasis on professionalism in the late nineteenth century?

What were some of the ways that professionalism was reconciled with class hierarchies?

How was the commitment to universal education reconciled with class hierarchies?