Education and upward mobility

• public schools
  • boarding
  • elite
  • private elementary preparation
• grammar schools
  • day
  • fees
  • private elementary preparation
• state elementary schools 1870
  • elected school boards ("board schools")
  • women could vote, serve
  • funded by "local rates"
  • non-denominational religious teaching (scripture)
• religious elementary schools
  • funded directly by parliament
  • denominational teaching by clergy (CE)

Suburbs

upward mobility and education

"lower middle class"

state elementary schools

• clerks
• teachers
• shopkeepers

private elementary schools

• entry to day grammar schools
• payment of fees

"Villa Toryism"

• The Ratepayer

Marriage and the Family

• Married women working (1910)
• Declining birth rate

Separate Spheres

• 1857 Divorce Act
• 1870/1882 Married Womens PropertyActs

John Stuart Mill, Essay on the Subjection of Women, 1869

Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex 1871

Willam Acton, Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs 1857

Falling family size?

Motive?

• school fees
• rates
• transport costs
• servants

Method?

• contraception
• abstinence
• frequency

Sexual conservatism

Contagious Diseases Acts 1860s

• double standard
• Josephine Butler
• Repealed 1886 (for UK only)

White Slave Trade

• W. T. Stead
• Criminal Law Amendment 1885
  • age consent women 13 to 16
  • criminalized male homosexuality

Parnell's Divorce

Oscar Wilde

• 'the aesthetic movement"
• Aubrey Beardsley
• "the new hedonism"
• The Importance of Being Earnest 1895
• Lord Alfred Douglas
• Reading jail, 1895-1897
• Paris: Pere Lachaise

Jude the Obscure 1896

What are some of the possible reasons for falling family size in the late nineteenth century?

In what ways did the regulation of sexual behavior become more, or less, repressive in the late nineteenth century?