1815--CONGRESS OF VIENNA

European Conservatism

• Monarchy
• Aristocracy
• Established Church
• Censorship and Jail

BALANCE OF POWER

The Great Powers

• Great Britain
• Russia
• Austria
• Prussia

THE RESTORATION

• FRANCE--1815-1830
  • LOUIS XVIII 1815-1824
• The Struggle with Liberalism
• Representation
• Legal Equality
  • Civil Code retained
  • Aristocratic land not confiscated
• Roman Catholic Church--privileges

NATIONALISM--THE GERMAN QUESTION

• Napoleonic invasion
• German nationalism
• Many states/one language

• NATIONALISM
  • Austro-Hungarian Empire
  • One state/many languages

Liberalism vs. Conservatism 

1815-1914: Landmarks

1. Politics, War, and Revolution

1848

• Revolutions of 1848
  • Liberal/conservative tensions

1870-71

• Unifications of Germany & Italy
  • Nationalism

1914

• World War I
  • Balance of power...again

 2. Gender

3. Slavery and Serfdom

CONSERVATISM VS. LIBERALISM

• Monarchy vs. Representative Government
• Aristocracy vs. Legal Equality
• Established Churches vs. Religious Freedom
• Censorship vs. Free Speech and Press

The Case for Conservatism

• Monarchy and Stability
• Aristocracy and Competence
• Churches and Morality
• Prince Metternich of Austria
  • No concessions...anywhere

POLITICS

FRANCE

Restoration

• Louis XVIII 1815-1824
• Charles X 1824-1830

REVOLUTION OF 1830

• Louis Phillippe 1830-1848
• Constitutional Monarchy

Great Britain--Reform Bill of 1832

• extended right to vote

EUROPE--REVOLUTIONS OF 1848

• Restoration of Order 1848-1851

Chronology...text p. 739

GENDER

• French Civil Code
• Male Head of Household
• Separate Spheres
• Responsible Masculinity
  • Family as a Haven
  • Life Insurance
  • Fear of Debt
• Nature of Women
  • Religion
  • Morality
  • Children
  • Purity
  • Ignorance about sex
• Contradictions
  • Divorce
  • Property
  • Child Custody
  • Men Behaving Badly

Gender and the Law--legal debates

Gender and the Novel--women authors

• Jane Austen 1775-1817
• Charlotte Bronte 1816-1855
• Emily Bronte 1818-1848
• Ann Bronte 1820-1849
• Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865
  • Mrs. Gaskell
• George Eliot 1819-1880
  • Mary Ann Evans

   

SLAVERY

• Free vs. Unfree Labor
• The Enlightenment
  • Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, 1748

American Revolution

• Rhetoric of equality

• St. Domingue
• Toussaint L'Ouverture

BRITISH EMPIRE

Religion

• Evangelical Revival
• Abolitionism
• Slave Trade Abolished 1807
• Slavery Abolished 1833, 1837
• Indentured Servitude

SPANISH EMPIRE

Independent nations

• Argentina 1816
• Colombia 1819
• Mexico 1821
• Brazil 1822 (from Portugal)
• Venezuela 1830

 French Empire

• Revolutions of 1848
• Ideals of French Revolution

i. International Slave trade outlawed in 1808

ii. Mexico 1829

iii. English possessions 1838

iv. French Possessions 1848 (1794-1802)

v. Columbia 1851

vi. Venezuela: 1854

vii. U.S. 1865

• War and confiscation

Spanish Empire

viii. Cuba 1886

ix. Brazil 1888

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865

• Abolitionism
• Unionism
• Economics of Slavery
• New Model War
  • Sherman and civilian victims

 SERFDOM--1861

Russian Conservatism

• No Representation
• No Legal Equality
• Russian Orthodox Church
• Tsar Alexander II