FALL OF EMPIRES

• German
• Austro-Hungarian
• Ottoman
• Russian

The Rise and Fall of Communism

REVOLUTION--1917

• Military Problems
• Economic Backwardness

Nicholas II

• Distrust of the People
• The Duma

Alexandra

Rasputin

REVOLUTION I--MARCH 1917

Provisional Government

• Kerensky
• Weak Administration
• Continue War

Opposition

• The Soviets
• The Petrograd Soviet

SOCIALISM

Democratic

• Social Democrats
• Mensheviks

Revolutionary

• Elitist
• Bolsheviks

LENIN

What Is To Be Done 1902

• revolutionary elite
• "dictatorship of the proletariat"

REVOLUTION II--OCTOBER 1917

• Petrograd Soviet
• Red Guards
• Leon Trotsky
• Congress of Soviets
• Bolshevik Seizure of Power

LENIN IN POWER

• Land to Peasants
• Factories to Workers
• End to War--March 1918
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk map
• Execution of Royal Family--July 1918

CIVIL WAR

• White Army--royalist/tsarist
• American/British intervention
• Red Army--Bolshevik
• Trotsky

SOVIET STATE

• Dual Structure
• State and Party

Red Terror

• The Cheka
• Politics as Class War
• Ethics

The Communist International

• Zinoviev
• Isolation

Soviet Aspirations