VOTES FOR WOMEN

NEW LIBERALISM

• MALE SUFFRAGE
• UNIVERSAL EDUCATION
• RELIGIOUS EQUALITY

NEW CONSERVATISM

• EMPIRE
• MILITARY
• RELIGION

NEW POLITICS

• WELFARE STATE
• LABOR MOVEMENT
• SOCIALISM

Democratic Socialism

• German Social Democratic Party
• British Labour Party
• Revolution or Evolution?

WOMEN IN A LIBERAL SOCIETY?

• SUFFRAGE?
• EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW?

Olympe de Gouges

Declaration of the Rights of Woman & the Female Citizen 1791

Mary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 1792

Seneca Falls Resolutions 1848

SEPARATE SPHERES

• NAPOLEONIC CODE
• MALE RESPECTABILITY
• MALE CITIZENSHIP
• FEMALE PURITY

CONTRADICTIONS

DIVORCE

• Sales of Wives
• Caroline Norton
• English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century (1854)
• Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 (England)
• Double Standard

PROPERTY

• Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon
• Married Women's Property Acts 1870 & 1882

Puritanicalism

• Female Purity
• Prostitution: "white slave trade"
• Homosexuality
• Sodomy laws
• Criminal Law Amendment 1885 (UK)
• Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900
• Reading Jail 1895-1897
• Paris: Pere Lachaise Cemetery

Family Limitation

• Birth Control
  • Contraception?
  • Abstinence?
• Marital Rape?
• Falling family size

UNMARRIED WOMEN

• W. R. Greg 1862
• "Why Are Women Redundant?'

"SOLUTIONS"

• The Governess
• Emigration
• Nursing

Florence Nightingale

RELIGION

• Celibacy
• Roman Catholic Nuns
• Anglican Sisterhoods
• Lutheran Deaconesses
• Foreign Missions

PHILANTHROPY

• Churches
• Children
• The Poor
• "Fallen Women"

EDUCATION

• Teaching
• Higher Education
• Women's Colleges
• Public Higher Education

PUBLIC SPHERE

VOTING

John Stuart Mill

Harriet Taylor

Helen Taylor

The Subjection of Women 1869

Male Suffrage/Female Frustration

VOTING RIGHTS

• SUFFRAGISTS
• "SUFFRAGETTES"
• arson
• hunger strikes

Pankhursts

• Emmeline
• Christabel
• Sylvia
• Emily Davison

THE GREAT WAR

1917-19

Qualification of Women Act (Great Britain)

19th Amendment (U.S.A.)

Weimar Constitution (Germany)

Now what?