Description
of work
Our
objective within this longitudinal study has been to advance our understanding
of the nature of spoken language impairment in general, with a particular
emphasis on Specific Language Impairment (SLI). This research has been concerned
with three related issues.
Individual
Differences in Language Acquisition
The first domain begins with the obvious: Children differ with respect to
their capacity to acquire language. Thus, there are individual differences
among children in the rate, and possibly the kind of language acquisition.
This research program examines these individual differences in language acquisition
across development. Therefore, we will be able to measure individual differences
in growth rates and patterns of growth across several domains of spoken and
written language.
Individual
differences are necessary conditions for any notion of abnormal function;
however, we contend that individual differences by themselves do not constitute
impairment. Furthermore, the nature of the individual differences - whether
they are qualitative or quantitative differences are often assumed to provide
evidence of disease. However, eye color and blood types are qualitative forms
of individual differences that are not construed to be disease. In order for
some form of individual differences to be viewed as an impairment it is necessary
for these differences to impact negatively on the person's life.
Social/Functional
Costs
If we are to claim that children with certain language skills present
language impairment it is necessary for us to show that there are negative
outcomes associated with these language skills. Thus, a second domain of the
proposed research recognizes that language enables individuals in our society
to meet many of the demands society places upon them. Failure to meet these
demands, due to limitations in language proficiency leads to undesirable outcomes
in life function. One of the most prominent impairments is reading. We are
continuing to examine this relationship between spoken and written language.
In so doing, we hope to provide better explanations regarding the contributions
of spoken language to reading disorders, and furthermore, to provide a means
to evaluate diagnostic standards for spoken language disorder.
Causation
The
third domain of our research recognizes a need to examine prominent theories
concerned with the causes of those individual differences that comprise language
impairment. We recognize that the etiology of language impairment is likely
complex and varied. Thus, the adequacy of explanatory accounts of SLI may
be influenced by the manner in which the diagnosis is made and thus there
may be subtypes of SLI that can be revealed when important causal factors
are examined in association with different clinical manifestations including
differential patterns of growth. Within the research proposed are several
studies designed to examine prominent theoretical explanations of SLI that
derive from cognitive psychology. These theoretical accounts of SLI predict
that the language deficits of these children can be found in limitations in
general purpose cognitive systems that are particularly crucial, but not unique
to language development. These systems concern limited capacities in memory
and attention and/or speed of information processing. An alternate account
of SLI has been that these language problems are rooted in language specific
cognitive systems.
Our
research program is also providing important insights into the role of language
as a causal agent for reading impairment and also the effect of reading on
later spoken language. Thus, within the limits of an observational design,
we will be examining the relationship between spoken language and reading
as potential reciprocal determinants. The direction of this influence is likely
to shift across development such that spoken language at school entry may
affect later reading development.
Longitudinal
Study Description
|
Cohort
Characteristics. The longitudinal cohort that has provided the participants
for this research was obtained from a large sample of kindergarten-age
children who participated in a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of
SLI. A description of the sampling methods for the original cross-sectional
sample can be found in Tomblin, et al. (1997) and the methods for selection
of the longitudinal sample is provided in Tomblin, Zhang, & Buckwalter
(2000). The members of this cohort, who initially consisted of 604 children,
had been diagnosed with respect to language impairment when they were
in kindergarten. These children were then re-evaluated two, four, eight
and now ten years after kindergarten. Figure 1 provides sample size,
age and the years in which these children participated at each observation.
This figure shows that the observation interval covered a two-year time
span. This is due to the fact that the participants were initially sampled
over a two-year time period thus at any time, the total cohort covers
a two-year age range. This allows us to distribute the burden of data
collection for any interval over a two-year time period.
|

Figure
1. Ages and calendar years when cohort members were observed. Values at
each observation year represent number of children in the two cohorts. |
The
last complete data set was obtained at Year Eight and thus we do not have
summary data for Year Ten at this time.
Measures Obtained During First 10 Years. During the course of this
longitudinal study the members of this cohort have been systematically observed
in order to document their listening, speaking, reading, and writing development.
Additionally, we have obtained information from parents and teachers concerning
their academic, behavioral, mental and physical health. During the current
year we are also obtaining self-report information. The data we have gathered
characterize the development of our cohort children between kindergarten and
10th grade. This database is substantial, containing over 2,215 variables.
In addition to data that pertains to the children in the cohort, the parents
have provided data concerning themselves, their rearing practices, and certain
home characteristics. The teachers have also provided data concerning the
nature of the classroom and curriculum.
Posters
Some
of the posters
that explore the language development of children with SLI over time are linked
below in pdf. An Adobe Acrobat viewer is necessary to read these files. Need
to download this free viewer? Others may have links to PowerPoint files.
- Betz,
S.K., Rice, M.L., Tomblin, J.B., & Chen, S. (2002). Grammatical
reconstructions and tense errors made by children with SLI during imitation
tasks. Poster presented at IX International Congress for the Study
of Child Language and the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders,
Madison, WI.
- Betz,
S.K., Rice, M.L., Tomblin, J.B., & Chen, S.D. (2001). Tense
errors made by children with SLI during imitation tasks. Poster presented
at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association convention, New Orleans,
LA.
- Catts,
H. & Hogan, T. (2002). At what grades should
we assess phonological awareness? Poster presented at the Annual Convention
of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Atlanta, GA.
- Catts,
H. & Hogan, T. (2002). The fourth grade
slump: Late emerging poor readers. Poster presented at the annual conference
of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Chicago IL.
Catts,
H. & Gillispie, M. (2001). The role of speed of processing, rapid naming,
and phonological awareness in reading achievement. Poster presented at the
annual conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Boulder,
CO.
- Catts,
H., Fey, M., Tomblin, J.B., & Zhang, X. (2001) Fourth
grade reading outcomes in kindergarten children with language impairments.
Poster presented at the annual conference of the Society for Research in
Child Language Disorders. Madison, WI.
Catts, H. and Gillispie, M. (2000). Are poor readers just slow? Poster
presented at the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Stockholm,
Sweden.
-
Catts,
H., Fey, M.E., Zhang, X., and Tomblin, J.B. (2000).
Generalized vs. specific slowing in
poor readers. Poster presented at the Symposium on Research in Child
Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
-
Catts, H. Fey, M.E., Zhang, X., and Tomblin, J.B. (2000). Estimating
risk for reading difficulties in kindergarten children. Poster presented
at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
- Catts,
H., Fey, M., Tomblin, J.B., and Zhang, X. (1999). Reading Outcomes in
children with language impairments. Poster presented at the annual conference
of American Speech-Language-hearing Association, San Francisco, CA.
- Catts,
H., Fey, M., Zhang, X., and Tomblin, J.B. (1998). The Relationship Between
Language Abilities and Reading Achievement. Poster presented at the Annual
Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Antonio,
TX.
Catts,
H., Fey, M.E., and Tomblin, J.B. (1997). Semantic-Syntactic Deficits in
Poor Readers. Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the American
Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Boston, MA.
- Duff, D., Tomblin, J.B., and Catts, H. (2007). Is there a Matthew Effect? Decoding skill and vocabulary growth in school aged children and adolescents. Presentation at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
-
Ellis
Weismer, S. and Thordardottir, E. (1999, April). Verbal
Working Memory Abilities of School-Age Children with and without Language
Impairment. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society
for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Ellis
Weismer, S., Tomblin, J.B., Zhang, X., Gaura, J., Buckwalter, P., and
Jones, M. (1999). Nonword Repetition Performance
in Second Graders with and without Language Impairment. Presented
at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
Fey,
M.E., Catts, H., and Proctor-Williams, K. (2000). Narrative generation
by school-age children with typical & impaired language. Poster presented
at annual conference of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association,
Washington, DC.
- Kail,
R.V. and Miller, C.A., (2003). Developmental stability in speed of information
processing. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Cognitive Development
Society, Park City, UT.
- Kail,
R.V. and Miller, C.A. (2003). Developmental change in speed of processing:
Longitudinal data. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern
Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
Miller,
C.A., Leonard, L.B., and Kail, R.V. (2003). A
longitudinal study of response time in children with and without language
impairment. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society
for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL.
- Miller,
C., Tomblin, J. B., Zhang, X., Kail, R., Leonard, L. (2001). Speed
of processing as a predictor of language performance. Poster presented
at the annual convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association,
New Orleans, LA.
Miller,
C., Kail, R., and Leonard, L. (1998). Speed of Processing and Specific Language
Impairment. Presentation at the Symposium on Research in Child Language
Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Rice, M. and Tomblin, J.B. (1999). Child Indices of Language Impairment:
Grammatical Tense Compared to Conventional Testing. Presented at the Symposium
on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
- Tomblin,
J.B., Burroughs, E., and Buckwalter, P. (2000). Aspects of social behavior
in children with SLI. Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the American
Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Washington, DC.
- Tomblin,
J.B., Burroughs, E., and Zhang, X. (2000). Iowa Tests of Basic Skills Performance
in 4th Graders with SLI. Poster presented at the Annual Convention of the
American-Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Washington, DC.
Tomblin,
J.B., Zhang, X., Buckwalter, P., and O'Brien, M. (1999). Measurement
Error Creates Decrement of Performance IQ in Children with SLI. Presented
at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
Presentations
Catts,
H. & Fey, M. (2002, November). Causal and correlative links between
spoken and written language difficulties in children. Paper presented
at the annual conference of the American Speech- Language-Hearing Association,
New Orleans.
-
Catts,
H. & Fey, M. (2002, July). Reading outcomes of children with SLI vs.
NLI. Paper presented in symposium at the joint conference of the Society
for Research in Child Language Disorders and the International Congress
for the Study of Child Language, Madison, WI.
- Catts,
H. (2001, October). Language impairments and reading disabilities. Presentation
at the annual meeting of the International Dyslexia Association, Albuquerque,
NM.
- Catts,
H., Fey, M. Zhang, X., Tomblin, J. B. (2001). The Association of fourth
grade reading outcomes with patterns of earlier language growth in children
with language impairment, Annual Symposium on Research in Child Language
Disorders, Madison, WI.
-
Catts, H. (2000). Reading Disabilities: Back to the future. Keynote address
at the 9th symposium on literacy and disabilities, Cary, NC.
- Catts,
H., Fey, M.E., Zhang, X., and Tomblin, J.B. (2000). Predicting reading disabilities
in kindergarten children. Presented at the 21st Annual Symposium on Research
in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
- Catts,
H. (2000). Who are poor readers. Invited presentation as part of special
research symposium at the annual conference of the International Dyslexia
Association, Washington, DC.
- Catts,
H. (1999). Early identification of reading disabilities. Open presentation
in the Department of Education, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Catts,
H. (1999). The relationship between language and reading. Paper presented
at conference entitled "Beyond Phonological processing: Other language
and cognitive processing deficits in dyslexia," Lund University, Lund,
Sweden.
- Catts,
H. (1998). Language basis of reading disabilities. Evidence from a longitudinal
study. Invited lecture presented at the conference on Early Cognition and
Learning Disabilities. University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
-
Catts, H., Fey M., Zhang, X., and Tomblin, J.B. (1998). Subtypes of reading
disabilities: an alternative to IQ-achievement discrepancy. Paper presented
at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading,
San Diego, CA.
- Catts,
H. (1998). Language basis of reading disabilities. Evidence from a longitudinal
study. Invited lecture presented at the Conference on Early Cognition and
learning Disabilities, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
Catts, H., Fey, M., Tomblin, J.B., and Zhang, X. (1997). Language deficits
in reading disabilities. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society
for the Scientific Study of Reading, Chicago, IL.
- Catts,
H., Fey, M., Tomblin, J.B., and Zhang, X. (1997). Language deficits in reading
disabilities. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the
Scientific Study of Reading, Chicago, IL.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (2004, March). How specific is specific language impairment?:
Evidence for limitations in working memory capacity. Invited talk to the
Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
IA.
- Ellis
Weismer, S., Plante, E., & Jones, M. (2003, February). Capacity limitations
in children with SLI: An fMRI study. Poster presented at the International
Neuropsychological Society, Honolulu, HI.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (2002, October). Language processing and working memory in specific
language impairment. Invited research colloquium presented to the Program
in Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,
CA.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (2002, July). A functional MRI study of language processing
and verbal working memory in adolescents with specific language impairment.
Talk presented as part of the symposium on the Application of Neuroimaging
in language research at the joint conference of the International Congress
for the Study of Child Language and the Symposium on Research in Child Language
Disorders, Madison, WI.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (2002, July). Processing limitations in specific and nonspecific
language impairment. Talk presented as part of the symposium on Language-Nonverbal
IQ Discrepancies in Children with SLI at the joint conference of the International
Congress for the Study of Child Language and the Symposium on Research in
Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
-
Ellis
Weismer, S. (2001). Cognition and language: Separate or equal? Invited
talk, The Spectrum or Developmental Disabilities XXIII Disorders of Language
Development, 23rd Annual Program, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. and Evans, J. (2000). Tutorial on specific language impairment.
Invited presentation, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (2000, June). Processing capacity limitations in developmental
language disorder. Invited presentation, School of Human Development, University
of Texas, Dallas, TX.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (2000, February). Processing capacity limitations in specific
language impairment. Colloquium presentation, Department of Psychology,
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Ellis
Weismer, S., Tomblin, J.B., Zhang, X., Guara, J., Buckwalter, P., &
Jones, M. (1999, November). Deficits in nonword repetition by children with
language impairment. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American
Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Francisco.
- Ellis
Weismer, S. (1999, June) Cognitive deficits: Do they matter? Invited panel
discussant at the 20th annual Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders,
Madison, WI.
- Ellis
Weismer, S., and Thoraddottir, E.T. (1998). Limitations in Linguistic
Processing by Children with Specific Language Impairment. Presentation
at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, University of
Wisconsin-Madison.
-
Ellis Weismer, S. and Thordardottir, E.T. (1998). Linguistic processing
limitations in school-age children with specific language impairment. Poster
presented at the annual convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association, San Antonio, TX.
- Ellis
Weismer, S., Evans, J., and Hesketh, L. (1997). Verbal Working Memory in
Specific Language Impairment. Presentation at the Symposium on Research
in Child Language Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Fey,
M.E., Catts, H., and K. Proctor-Williams, K. (2000). Narrative generation
by school-age children with typical and impaired language. Presented at
the convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Washington,
DC.
- Fey,
M.E. (2000). Identifying and managing children at risk for early reading
difficulties. Presented at the 2000 Conference of the New Mexico Speech-Language-Hearing
Association, Albuquerque. Also administered at the 2000 Conference of the
Colorado Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Denver.
- Fey,
M.E. (2000). Literacy-based approaches to early speech and language assessment
and intervention. Invited workshop presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Tucson.
- Fey, M.E. (2000). The speech-language pathologist and early reading disorders.
Invited address presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southwest Branch
of the International Dyslexia Association, Albuquerque, NM.
- Fey,
M.E. (1999). The speech-language pathologist and early reading disorders.
Invited address presented at the Kansas Speech and Hearing Association Convention.
Overland Park, KS.
- Fey,
M.E. (1999). Putting phonological awareness into perspective in speech-language
pathology. Keynote address presented at the National conference of Speech
Pathology Australia. Sydney, Australia
-
Fey, M.E. (1999). A new procedure for sampling, analyzing, and interpreting
children's oral and written stories. Workshop presented at the National
conference of Speech Pathology Australia. Sydney, Australia.
- Fey,
M. and Catts, H. (1998). Can the Language Basis of Reading Disability be
Reduced to Problems in Phonological Awareness? Evidence from a Longitudinal
Investigation. Presentation at the Symposium on Research in Child Language
Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Hafeman,
L. and Tomblin, J.B. (1999). Autism behaviors in the siblings of children
with specific language impairment. Paper presented at the VII World Congress
of Psychiatric Genetics, Monerey, CA.
- Redmond,
S. and Rice, M. (1998). The Detection of Irregular Verb Violations by Children
with and without Specific Language Impairment. Presentation at the Symposium
on Research in Child Language Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Rice,
M.L. and Wexler, K. (2000). What she saying: SLI children's judgments
of questions. Paper presented at the Boston University Conference on Language
Development, Boston.
- Rice,
M.L. (2000). Language disorders in children: New findings. Seminar presented
at the American Speech-Language Hearing Association annual conference,
Washington, DC.
- Tomblin,
J. B., Rice, M., Miller, C., Ellis Weismer, S., Leonard, L., Catts, H. (2002).
Language-nonverbal IQ discrepancies in children with SLI. Symposium presented
at the Joint Conference of the IX International Congress for the study of
Child Language and the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders,
Madison, WI.
- Tomblin,
J. B. (2001). Issues in the Diagnosis of SLI. The Relationship of Genes,
Environments, and Developmental Language Disorders: Research for the Twenty-first
Century. Merrill Center for Advanced Study.
- Tomblin,
J. B. (2001).
An Outcomes Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of SLI Carrefour en
dysphasie. Invited seminar at a meeting of the Ordre des orthophonistes
et audiologistes du Québec.
-
Tomblin, J. B., & Zhang, X. (2001). Characterizing language growth from
kindergarten to fourth grade. Poster presented at the 22nd Annual Symposium
on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
Tomblin, J.B. and Zhang, X. (1997). Stability of Developmental Language
Disorders. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association, Boston, MA.
Tomblin,
J.B. and Zhang, X. (1997). Statistical Expectation for Recovery Rate for
SLI. Paper presented at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders.
Weiss, A., Ellis Weismer, S., Tomblin, J.B., and Buckwalter, P. (1998).
The Demographics of Speech-Language Treatment for a Cohort of Second Graders.,
Presentation at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, University
of Wisconsin-Madison.
- Weiss,
A., Ellis Weismer, S., Tomblin, J.B., & Buckwalter, P. (1998, November).
Speech-language treatment demographics for a second grade cohort. Poster
presented at the annual convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing
Associate, San Antonio, TX.
Zhang, X., Tomblin, J.B., and Buckwalter, P. (1997). Stability of Diagnoses
of Developmental Language Disorders. Presentation at the Annual Convention
of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Boston, MA.