UTSAV
Directed by Girish Karnad
Screenplay: Girish Karnad, Krishna Basrur;
Dialogues: Sharad
Joshi; Lyrics: Vasant Dev; Music: Laxmikant-Pyarelal; Cinematography: Ashok
Mehta.
Produced by Shashi Kapoor.
Playwright, actor, director, and theatre scholar Girish Karnad conceived this
film as a popularly-accessible tribute to the glories of Sanskrit drama, turning
one of the most beloved of classical plays, the ca. 5th century “Little
Clay Cart” (ascribed to Shudraka) into a contemporary spectacle with A-list
stars and music by major filmi composers. Lavish sets and costumes, jewelry
and hairstyles, all inspired by classical paintings and sculptures, evoke the
glories of the Gupta age, while saucy dialog in contemporary (if properly Sanskritized)
Hindi recreates the playwright’s satirical vision of the demimondaine world
of the city of Ujjayini. By reminding viewers that, for ancient Indians, “pleasure”
and “profit” (kama and artha) were right up there with
“virtue” (dharma) among the principal Aims of Life, the film
can serve as a refreshing antidote to the over-emphasized philosophical and
mystical preoccupations of the much-studied texts of the classical period (e.g.,
Bhagavad-gita). Its Rabelaisian cast of characters — the voluptuous
and talented courtesan, witty cat burglar, pompous monk, wild-eyed revolutionary
— mirror those found in the worldly-wise story anthologies of the classical
period (such as those translated in J. A. B. van Buitenen’s Tales of
Ancient India), and thus bring to life their urbane world of fleshly delights.
As in modern
Western adaptations of Greek classics, stage business is abundantly used to
flesh out the script, and Karnad adds the clever touch of placing Vatsyayana,
brahman author of the famous treatise on erotics, Kamasutra, in the midst
of the brothel where much of the action unfolds. As played by Amjad Khan (the
Gabbar Singh of SHOLAY), Vatsyayana is a portly pedant, a proto-social scientist
who has taken a personal vow of celibacy, the better to detachedly study the
sexual habits of human animals. He lectures the attentive prostitutes on how
his planned treatise will immortalize their brief careers, and frets over not
being able to get beyond the number 28 in his catalog of sexual postures, gushing
(intellectually speaking) when an eager disciple hauls him upstairs to witness,
through a transom, Number 29 in flagrante delicti — a scene that
skewers, in one poke, both the pomposity and voyeurism of academic scholarship.
As in reel life, Bombay style, so in Sanskrit drama, a good story necessarily
involves a number of cleverly-interwoven subplots. The handsome young brahman
Charudatt (Manjunath Shekhar Suman) is a penniless musician, whose adoring wife
(Anuradha) pawns her wedding jewelry to maintain the household, though she occasionally
storms off to her father’s house in a pique. During one such absence, Charudatt
is accidentally visited by the celebrated courtesan Vasantsena (Rekha, then
publicly infamous as Amitabh Bachchan’s alleged mistress), who is fleeing
from the lecherous and oafish Samsthanak (Shashi Kapoor, looking even paunchier
than he did in HEAT AND DUST), brother-in-law of the tyrannical king of the
city. While Vasantsena hides out in Charudatt’s courtyard, the two fall
passionately in love. To foil would-be robbers when she departs for her brothel,
she leaves her fortune in erotic jewelry (a garment-like set of gem-encrusted
golden chains) in Charudatt’s keeping. These jewels — which change
hands several times in a plot of Shakespearean complexity — will eventually
serve as evidence to frame the hapless hero on the charge of having murdered
Vasantsena, for which he will be condemned to death. Before the executioner’s
sword is raised, however, there will be multiple thefts, mistaken identities,
an uproarious (and beautifully choreographed) spring Festival of Love, and one
tumultuous coup d’etat, masterminded by the revolutionary Aryak (Kunal
Kapoor) and a handful of black-clad accomplices, whose terrific swordfights
thrillingly display the techniques of South Indian martial arts.
The mega-happy ending of the Sanskrit drama (of the sort generally favored in
Hindi cinema as well) is subverted by a poignant final twist, conceived by Karnad
to more accurately reflect the constraints on the ancient courtesan's social
role. Though a commercial failure, this noble experiment in updating a classic
play abounds in visual delights and fine performances. And (to paraphrase Twain)
whereas everyone talks about how Bollywood melodrama is vaguely indebted to
Indian classical and folk theatrical styles, Karnad actually does something
about (and with) it, showing us, with a sideways wink, their thematic and emotional
(bed-)fellowship.