April 2006
August 2005
Linked where possible
Witherspoon, E. et al. (December
2002). Raising Achievement: Closing the Education Gap. Des Moines, IA:
Urban Education Network.
This report provides recommendations
of the Closing the Achievement Gap Study Committee and District timetables.
Data on the achievement gap are presented and background materials describing
strategies for raising achievement levels of poor and minority students
are included.
http://www.uen-ia.org/raisingachivement.pdf
Austin, J., Johnson, K., &
Gregoriou, M. (October 2000). Juveniles in adult prisons and jails:
a national assessment. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance.
This report provides the most
up-to-date data on the growing number of youth in adult jails and prisons,
as of 1998. Among the major findings, a higher proportion of youth was
African-African (55%) in comparison with the adult offender population
(48%). The proportion of the youthful and adult population with a Hispanic
background was 14 % and 15 %, respectively. Approximately 26 % of the
youthful offenders were White, compared with 35 % of the adult population.
These data suggest the overrepresentation of youth of color among youth
offenders in adult facilities and that youth of color are being unfairly
targeted for incarceration in adult prisons.
Available online : http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/182503-1.pdf
Bilchik, S. (1999). Minorities in the juvenile justice system. Juvenile
justice: A century of change. In 1999 National Report Series Juvenile
Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office
of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
This focused report highlights
the most critical findings from the Juvenile Offenders and Victims:
1999 National Report on the overrepresentation of youth of color
in the juvenile justice system. As the latest statistics show, disproportionate
minority representation is clearly evident at each stage of the juvenile
justice system and becomes more apparent as youth go deeper into the
system. In 1997, youth of color made up about one third of the juvenile
population nationwide but accounted for almost two-thirds of the population
in secure juvenile facilities. The Bulletin notes that there is substantial
evidence of widespread disparity in juvenile case processing of minority
and non-minority youth and that racial-ethnic differences can occur
at all stages of the process. While the disproportionality has been
attributed to differences in behavior, such an explanation fails to
support the large discrepancy in numbers.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/179007.pdf
Bishop, D., & Frazier, C. (1988). The influence of race in juvenile
justice processing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,
25: 242-263.
This three-year study of youth
in Florida's juvenile justice system revealed that race was found to
have both a direct and indirect effect on juvenile justice processing.
The effects of race, age, gender, offense seriousness, prior record,
and prior dispositions were examined with respect to intake screening
decisions, detention status, referral to court, adjudication, and disposition.
Legal factors (e.g., seriousness of offense and priors) were most significant,
but the effects of race were compounded as juveniles penetrated deeper
into the juvenile justice system.
Devine, P., Coolbaugh, K., & Jenkins, S. (December 1998). Disproportionate
minority confinement: Lessons learned from five states. Bulletin.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
IIn examining the experiences
of the five states participating in the DMC initiative (Arizona, Florida,
Iowa, North Carolina, and Oregon), the study found DMC outcomes varied
by state and community. However, the most important effect was a greater
understanding within the pilot states of the complexity and pervasiveness
of DMC and the development of model programs to address its causes.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/94612.pdf
Hamparian, D., & Leiber, M. (1997). Disproportionate confinement
of minority juveniles in secure facilities: 1996 national report.
Champaign, IL: Community Research Associates, Inc.
This report reveals that in
the majority of States overrepresentation increases from the point of
arrest through other points in the system to the final point of secure
corrections. Among minority groups, overrepresentation of African-American
youth are greater in most States, particularly at arrest and in confinement,
than they are for any other minority group. In addition to the statewide
DMC data, the report highlights a variety of strategies and approaches,
such as cultural diversity training, community-based alternatives to
secure detention and corrections, and policies and procedural revisions,
that States are using to respond to DMC. Recommendations for the States
emphasize outcome-evaluations of all DMC activities for its effectiveness
in actually reducing the overrepresentation of youth of color in the
juvenile justice system.
Harms, P. (January 2002). Detention
in Delinquency Cases, 1989-1998. Fact Sheet. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Provides statistical information
about the use of detention in delinquency caseloads handled by juvenile
courts between 1989 and 1998. Specifically, this OJJDP Fact Sheet examines
national trends in the number of delinquency cases involving detention,
the detention population (both in terms of race and age), and the use
of detention by juvenile courts. Detention caseloads increased 25 percent
between 1989 and 1998, and the most dramatic change in the detention
population was the influx of female juveniles charged with person offenses.
The Fact Sheet is based on the forthcoming Report Juvenile Court Statistics
1998 and includes two figures and a table.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/fs200201.pdf
Hsia, H.M., & Hamparian, D. (September 1998). Disproportionate
minority confinement: 1997 Update. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
In the report's overview of
the DMC initiative, 39 states have completed the identification and
assessment phases and are implementing the intervention phase of DMC.
Pennsylvania is highlighted for its model approach to addressing DMC
that is systematic, data-driven, and targeted for raising public awareness,
mobilizing support and resources, and implementing prevention and intervention
programs.
Available online from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/170606.pdf
Juszkiewicz, Jolanta. (2000). Youth crime/adult time: Is justice served? Washington, DC: Building
Blocks for Youth .
This report by the Pretrial
Services Resource Center showed that 82% of the youth charged in adult
court in 18 of the largest jurisdictions in the country were youth of
color. Nearly two-thirds of all youth who were detained before trial
were held in adult jails, and one-third of those were held in the general
population with adult inmates. African-American (43%) and Latino (37%)
youth were more likely than White youth (26%) to receive a sentence
of incarceration.
Available online: http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/ycat
Krisberg, B., Schwartz, I., Fishman, G., Eisikovits, Z., Guttman, E. &
Joe, K. (1987). The incarceration of minority youth. Crime & Delinquency, 33: 173-205.
A review of national data
on incarcerated minority youth shows increasing numbers of minority
youth in secure facilities, according to this article. Minority youth
are incarcerated in public juvenile correctional facilities at rates
three to four times that of whites. An examination of FBI data and self-report
data indicates that minority youth are somewhat more likely than white
youngsters to be involved in serious crime, but not to the extent sufficient
to explain the differential incarceration rates. The article suggests
the need for further research and the need for public officials to begin
testing new strategies to reduce the trend of more minority youth growing
up behind bars.
Males, M. & Macallair, D. (January 2000). The color of justice: An
analysis of juvenile adult court transfers in California. Washington,
DC: Building Blocks for Youth.
From the Justice Policy Institute,
this study is the first analysis of racial and ethnic disparity in the
transfer of youth to adult court and sentencing to California Youth
Authority facilities. The study reveals that youth of color are 8.3
times more likely than white youth to be sentenced by an adult court
to imprisonment in a California Youth Authority facility.
Available online: http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/colorofjustice/
Mauer, M. (1999). Race to Incarcerate. New York: New Press.
This race and class-based
analysis of the trends in American criminal justice policy shows how
the war on drugs exercised rigid control over drug treatment and economic
development. Marc Mauer, Assistant Director of The Sentencing Project,
tells the chilling story behind the unprecedented explosion of African
American populations in U.S. prisons during the last twenty-five years.
He explores the intersection of race and class that underpins current
politics and crime policy. Although primarily an examination of the
adult criminal justice system, the author also discusses juvenile arrest
and incarceration rates.
Poe-Yamagata, E. & Jones, M. (January 2000). And Justice for Some.
Washington, DC: Building Blocks for Youth.
A nationwide study prepared
by National Council on Crime and Delinquency found that African-American
and Hispanic youths are treated more harshly than their White peers
charged with comparable crimes at every step of the juvenile justice
system. African-American youth with no prior admissions were six times
more likely to be incarcerated than White youth for similar offenses.
These results give a comprehensive overview of the disparate treatment
of youth of color in the justice system, based on the most complete
data on juvenile justice processing.
Available online: http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/justiceforsome
Nussel, P.A. (2001). Youth
for justice. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Youth for Justice uses the
power of active learning to teach youth practical information about
the law while addressing the risks associated with being young in America
today. This bulletin describes the law-related education (LRE) initiative
recommended for creating a partnership with youth in addressing their
own justice in the juvenile system. Through a dynamic process, LRE helps
young people learn about the legal system and understand concepts such
as justice, freedom, responsibility, equality, and authority. LRE programs
in school, community, and juvenile detention settings engage kindergarten
through grade 12 youth as partners in the learning process and equip
them to face the daily challenges presented by drugs, peer pressure,
crime, and violence.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/186161.pdf
Pope, C.E., & Feyerherm, W. (July 1995). Minorities and the Juvenile
Justice System: Research Summary. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Based on a comprehensive research
literature analysis on the effects of race on juvenile justice processing,
this report shows substantial evidence that race plays a direct and
indirect role in the outcome of many juvenile justice decisions. Whether
the disparity exists at any point in the juvenile justice system or
at some stages and not at others, race effects are clearly pronounced
in the juvenile justice system.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/minor.pdf
Roscoe, M., & Morton, R. (April 1994). Disproportionate minority
confinement. Fact Sheet Number 11. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
This fact sheet shows that
youth of color are overrepresented at various points in the juvenile
justice system. Youth of color are disproportionately represented from
arrest to incarceration. In 1992, African-American youth accounted for
49% of the arrests for violent crimes. In 1991, 43% of youth in detention
centers were African-American, 35% were White, and 19% were Hispanic.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/fs-9411.txt
Additional Publications Resources at the DMCRC
Snyder, H.N. & Sickmund,
M. (1999). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report.
Pittsburgh: National Center for Juvenile Justice.
This sequel report, to the
landmark publication Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report
(1995), includes statistical information on: juvenile population characteristics;
juvenile victims; juvenile offenders; juvenile justice system structure
and process; law enforcement and juvenile crime; juvenile courts and
juvenile crime; and juveniles in correction facilities.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/nationalreport99/toc.html
Ziedenberg, J. (April 2000).
Drugs and disparity: The racial impact of Illinois' practice of transferring
young drug offenders to adult court. Washington, DC: Building Blocks
for Youth.
The study analyzed data from state criminal justice agencies in Illinois
and national corrections databases. It concludes that Illinois' practice
of automatically sending 15 and a 16-year-old youth charged with drug
crimes to adult court has produced one of the most racially disparate
outcomes in the nation. Of the 259 youth automatically transferred to
adult court from Cook County last year, only one was White. Over 99%
of the Cook County youth automatically transferred to the adult court
for drug crimes were non-White.
Available online: http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/illinois
Adams, M., Bell, L., & Griffin,
P. (Eds.). (1997). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice: A Sourcebook
for Teachers and Trainers. New York: Routledge.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Task Force of Juvenile
Justice Reform. (October 2001). Recommendations for juvenile justice reform.
Washington DC: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Available online:http://www.aacap.org/legislation/articles/everything6.PDF
Caliber Associates. (1996).
Evaluation of the disproportionate minority confinement initiative: Iowa
final report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention.
Available online:http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/dmc-io.pdf
Caliber
Associates. (1996). Evaluation of the disproportionate minority confinement
initiative: Oregon final report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention.
Caliber
Associates. (1996). Evaluation of the disproportionate minority confinement
initiative: North Carolina final report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Caliber
Associates. (1996). Evaluation of the disproportionate minority confinement
initiative: Florida final report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention.
Caliber
Associates. (1996). Evaluation of the disproportionate minority confinement
initiative: Arizona final report. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention.
Disproportionate Minority Confinement
Technical Assistance Manual, 2nd Edition. (April 2000). Community Research
Associates, Development Associates, & Development Services Group,
Inc.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/dmc_ta_manual/
Hsia, H.M. & Beyer, M. (March
2000). System change through state challenge activities: Approaches and
products. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice
Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/jjbul2000_03_3/contents.html
Iowa comprehensive strategy
for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: 1999-2000 report.
(September 1999). Des Moines, IA: Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice
Planning. Iowa Department of Human Rights.
Justice Policy Institute. (January 2002). Reducing disproportionate minority
confinement: The Multnomah County, Oregon success story and its implications.
Washington DC: Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice.
Available online: http://www.cjcj.org/portland/portland_web.html
Leadership Conference on Civil
Rights and Leadership Conference Education Fund. Justice on trial: Racial
disparities in the American criminal justice system. (May 2000). Washington
DC: Leadership Conference on Civil Rights and Leadership Conference Education
Fund. [Not Available]
Leiber, M.J. (2002). Disproportionate
minority confinement (DMC) of Youth: An analysis of state and federal
efforts to address the issue. Crime & Delinquency, 48: 3-45.
Martin, M. (January 2002). Assessment
of over-representation of Native American youth in the juvenile justice
system. Bismarck, ND: The North Dakota Division of Juvenile Service. North
Dakota Juvenile Justice State Advisory Group.
Available online: see links to reports in bar on left.
Musel, S. (1999). Juvenile crime
and the welfare of youth. Des Moines, IA: Division of Criminal and Juvenile
Justice Planning. Iowa Department of Human Rights.
Available online: http://www.state.ia.us/government/dhr/cjjp/pdfs/JuvenileRpt99.pdf
Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency
Prevention. (2000). Race, ethnicity, and serious and violent juvenile
offending. Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Juvenile
Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency
Prevention.
Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ojjdp/181202.pdf
Other Publications
Kempf, L. , K., Pope, C.E. &,
Feyerherm, W.H. (Eds.). (1995). Minorities in juvenile justice.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Feyerherm, W. (1993). The
status of the states: A review of state materials regarding overrepresentation
of minority youth in the juvenile justice system. Portland, OR: Portland
State University.
Feyerherm, William H. (2000).
Detention reform and overrepresentation: A successful
synergy. Corrections Management Quarterly, 4, 44-51.
Pope, C.E., & Feyerherm,
W. (1992). Minorities and the juvenile justice system: Full report.
Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Pope, C.E., & Feyerherm,
W. (1990). Minority status and juvenile justice processing.
Parts I and II. Criminal Justice Abstracts, 22 (2):327-336 (part
I); 22(3): 527-542 (part II).
