Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography
1994

This bibliography last revised June 5, 2003.
Please report errors and omissions to wwqr@uiowa.edu.

Adonis [Ali Ahmed Said]. The Pages of Day and Night, trans. Samuel Hazo. Marlboro, Vermont: Marlboro Press, 1994. ["The Funeral of New York," 57-74, is a long poem addressed to Whitman, written in the early 1970s; translation from the Arabic.]

Alexander, Jonathan Flint. "The Poetry In-Between: Presence and Absence in Whitman, Rimbaud, and Hopkins." Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, 1994. [Investigates ways that Whitman, Rimbaud, and Hopkins eventually "negotiated a poetic stance which views the self as in-between a full presence and a complete absence of cosmic totality." DAI 54 (February 1994), 3017A.]

Allen, Gay Wilson. "Whitman Biography in 1992." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 3-9. [Offers an overview of Whitman biography, focusing on its difficult origins, its major accomplishments, and its future potential.]

Allen, Gay Wilson. Review of Bettina Knapp, Walt Whitman. Canadian Review of American Studies 24 (Spring 1994), 147-149.

Aspiz, Harold. "The Body Politic in Democratic Vistas." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 105-119. [Tracks how in Democratic Vistas Whitman appropriated the commonplace "body politic trope" and transformed it into a strikingly original physical metaphor, portraying the nation as an organism with bodily functions.]

Asselineau, Roger. "The Acclimatization of Leaves of Grass in France." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 237-263. [Surveys the reactions of French critics and poets to Whitman from 1872 to the present, with an appendix (256-263) containing excerpts of French poems (translated into English) that reveal Whitman's influence.]

Asselineau, Roger. "The European Roots of Leaves of Grass." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 51-60. [Catalogs the wide array of influences that Whitman absorbed through translations of European literature.]

Asselineau, Roger. Review of Byrne Fone, Masculine Landscapes; Robert K. Martin, ed., The Continuing Presence of Walt Whitman, and Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden (vol. 7). Etudes Anglaises 47 (January-March 1994), 107-109. [In French.]

Ball, Kevin Eric. "From 'That Sympathetic Germ' to 'Vast Elemental Sympathy' in Leaves of Grass." M.A. Thesis, Northeast Missouri State University, 1994. [Investigates the origin of, nature of, and response to "Whitman's unique strain of sympathy." MAI 33 (February 1995), 48.]

Barnett, Robert Wayne. "Leaves of Growth: Man, Nature and Language as the Foundation of Walt Whitman's Rhetorical Theory." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nevada--Reno, 1994. [Examines Whitman's "rhetorical theory as it affected the individual, society, American democracy, and nature." DAI 55 (May 1995), 3435A.]

Bart, Barbara Mazor, ed. Starting from Paumanok 9 (Winter 1994); 9 (Spring 1994). [Newsletter of the Walt Whitman Birthplace Association, with news of Association activities, including, in the winter issue, the announcement of Robert Bly as the 1994 WWBA Poet-in-Residence and a report on the progress of the project to erect a new Visitor Center on the site of the Whitman birthplace, with an update on the project in the spring issue.]

Beach, Christopher. "Walt Whitman, Literary Culture, and the Discourse of Distinction." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Fall 1994), 73-85. [Explores the various and often contradictory views Whitman expressed over time about literary culture, heritage, genres, and canonicity; following Pierre Bourdieu, describes the "discourse of distinction" by which Whitman negotiates the "double logic" of desiring "distinction from the culturally distinguished [literary modes], yet still requir[ing] distinction from popular culture and journalistic discourse."]

Benetazzo, Viviana. "Walt Whitman in Italy: Translations of Leaves of Grass from 1950 to 1992." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 285-300. [Describes and evaluates Italian translations of Whitman's poetry; contains a bibliography (299 300) of translations.]

Berndt, Fredrick, ed. The Bulletin of the Walt Whitman Music Library no. 6 (January 1994); no. 7 (February 1994). [Contains news and information about Whitman composers; these two issues reprint, in two parts, an essay by Joseph Gerard Brennan, "Delius and Whitman," originally published in the Walt Whitman Review 18 (1972).]

Blake, Jr., David Haven. "Writing the Republic: Whitman and the Emergence of a Republican Poetics." Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 1994. [Examines "the problem of how to construct political and verbal authority in a republic" from "the Stamp Act crisis of 1765 to Walt Whitman's censure of reconstruction in America"; reads Whitman's work "alongside the speeches of Andrew Jackson," exploring "the ways in which Whitman modeled the poet after the president and then conceived of the presidency as the poet's greatest rival" as he turned "his attention to an audience of citizen-readers"; DAI 56 (September 1995), 928.]

Blair, Stanely S. "The Gay Wilson Allen Papers." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Fall 1994), 106-108. [Describes the contents of the Gay Wilson Allen Papers, many of them dealing with Whitman, recently made available at the Jay B. Hubbell Center for American Literary Historiography.]

Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994. [Chapter 11, "Walt Whitman as Center of the American Canon," 264-290, presents Whitman as the most important American writer viewed "against the background of Western tradition": "No Western poet, in the past century and a half . . . overshadows Walt Whitman or Emily Dickinson"; Bloom identifies a handful of poems that "matter most in Whitman," including "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd": "Only a few poets in the language have surpassed 'When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd': Shakespeare, Milton, perhaps one or two others. Whether even Shakespeare and Milton have achieved a more poignant pathos and a darker eloquence than Whitman's 'Lilacs,' I am not always certain."]

Bronson, Michael, producer. "Father Owen Lee Discusses Walt Whitman and Opera." [Intermission feature on the Texaco Metropolitan Opera International Radio Network broadcast of Gaetano Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, January 29, 1994.]

Burbick, Joan. Review of James Olney, The Language(s) of Poetry: Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins. American Literature 66 (March 1994), 167-168.

Burbick, Joan. Healing the Republic: The Language of Health and the Culture of Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Examines "nineteenth century narratives of health"; Chapter 6, "Biodemocracy in Leaves of Grass" (113-131), analyzes Whitman's "lusty, dissenting voice" that "celebrates the health of America" at a time when social reformers were "ringing the alarm of ill heath," and argues that Whitman set out to express the human body in "poetic language [that] unifies the nation into a biodemocracy . . . unifying all bodies together in the time and space of the American nation."]

Burnette, Margo Malden, ed. Conversations (Spring 1994). [Newsletter of the Walt Whitman Association, with news of WWA activities and one article, listed separately in this bibliography.]

Camboni, Marina, ed. Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World. Rome: Il Calamo, 1994. [Collects sixteen essays originally presented at an international conference on Whitman held at the University of Macerata, Italy, October 29-30, 1992, with an introduction by Camboni (9-10); essays appear in four sections, "Time and tense, language and rhetorics in Leaves of Grass" (13-88), "The poem as a portrait, an icon and a body" (89-160), "Whitman's words: rhythm and form song music and dance" (161- 234), and "The European reception: France and Italy" (235- 300); each essay is listed individually in this bibliography.]

Camboni, Marina. "Walt's New World Language." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 71-88. [Views Whitman's "linguistic experiment" "from the perspective of a contemporary theory of living organisms," with a focus on "America's Mightiest Inheritance" and the first three editions of Leaves of Grass.]

Cao Hong. "Death Tried by Walt Whitman." Beijing Daxue Yanjiusheng Xuekan [Graduate Students' Journal of Peking University (Social Sciences Edition)] (1994), nos. 1-2, 76-79. [Interprets Whitman's views of death in his poetry and prose; in Chinese.]

Cavaioli, Frank J. "Columbus, Whitman, and the Italian-American Connection." In Jerome Krase and Judith N. DeSena, eds., Italian Americans in a Multicultural Society (Stony Brook, NY: Forum Italicum, 1994) [Filibrary no. 7; monographic supplement to Forum Italicum], 127-141. [Suggests the "symbolic similarities between Walt Whitma and Christopher Columbus," especially as evident in Whitman's "Spain, 1873-74," "Passage to India," "Prayer of Columbus," and "A Thought of Columbus."]

Chard-Hutchinson, Martine. "The Forms of Orality in 'Song of Myself.'" In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 163-169. [Discusses the "furtive manner" of Whitman's orality, and how the essence of that orality "depends on the capacity of fusion of his voice with those of the askers and talkers."]

Chari, V.K. "Whitman Criticism in the Light of Indian Poetics." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 240-250. [Proposes that the Indian "theory of poetic emotions" called Rasa can guide us away from concerns with the politics, biography, and sexuality of Whitman's poems, back to the "emotional tone" that his poems set out to provide readers.]

Chen Huaimin. "Themes and Style of Leaves of Grass as Seen from 'Song of Myself.'" Jiamusi Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao [Journal of Jiamusi Education College] (1994), no. 1, 36-38. [Analyzes thematic and stylistic features of "Song of Myself" and views it as the representative poem in Leaves of Grass; in Chinese.]

Clarke, Graham, ed. Walt Whitman: Critical Assessments. Four volumes. Robertsbridge, East Sussex: Helm Information, 1994. [Volume 1, "The Man and the Myth: Biographical Studies," reprints twelve documents, including Emerson's July 1855 letter to Whitman, the New York Times obituary of Whitman, and biographies or biographical statements by John Burroughs, William O'Connor, Moncure Conway, Richard Maurice Bucke, Bronson Alcott, George Rice Carpenter, Bliss Perry, Edward Carpenter, and Gay Wilson Allen; Volume 2, "The Response to the Writing," reprints fifty-six early reviews of Whitman's work, from Charles A. Dana's 1855 New York Daily Tribune review to Thomas Wentworth Higginson's 1899 assessment, along with ten recent (1955-1991) readings of "Song of Myself" and eight recent (1949-1985) readings of "other poems"; Volume 3, "Writers on Whitman's Writing," reprints thirteen statements by nineteenth-century writers (from Thoreau through Henry James) and thirty-two by twentieth- century writers (from G.K. Chesterton through Guy Davenport); Volume 4, "Walt Whitman in the Twentieth Century: A Chronological Overview," reprints seventy pieces of criticism published between 1900 and 1991.]

Corona, Mario. "'Whoever You Are Holding Me Now in Hand': A Book, A Body, and What Company to Keep." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 123-136. [Offers a close reading of "Whoever You Are" as "one of the greatest love lyrics in American poetry."]

Cowley, Page. "Walt Whitman House Interpretation." Conversations (Spring 1994), 1-3. [Discusses the difficulties in arranging and presenting Whitman's Mickle Street residence "as part shrine and part historic house."]

Dalebout, Lyn, ed. Go Directly to the Creation: The Poetry of Walt Whitman. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press, North Sound, 1994. [CD recording of Whitman's poetry enhanced with music and "tranquil nature sounds."]

Darras, Jacques. "Comment on domestique Whitman." Esprit 5 (May 1994), 181-186. [On translating and adapting the works of Whitman for the French literary public; in French.]

Davis, Robert Leigh. "'America, Brought to Hospital': The Romance of Democracy and Medicine in Whitman's Civil War." Wordsworth Circle 25 (Winter 1994), 50-53. [Investigates how "Whitman's romance of medicine is the poet's most urgent response to the meaning of democratic representation," and how "democratic representation is marked by absence for Whitman, marked by what it's missing, by what it cannot see or say or name."]

de Hoyos, Angela. "To Walt Whitman" / "A Walt Whitman." In Roberta Fernandez, ed., In Other Words: Literature by Latinas of the United States (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1994), 68. [Poem beginning "hey man, my brother / world-poet / prophet democratic / here's a guitar / for you / -a chicana guitar-"; in English and Spanish versions.]

Erkkila, Betsy. Review of Marion Walker Alcaro, Walt Whitman's Mrs. G. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 118 (October 1994), 431-433.

Erkkila, Betsy. "Whitman and the Homosexual Republic." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 153-171. [Argues that the perceived dichotomies of Whitman's poetry are in fact radical lexical conflations that work to make more permeable the boundaries between traditionally rigid binaries like private and public, male and female, heterosexual and homosexual.]

Feehan, Michael. "Multiple Editorial Horizons of Leaves of Grass." Resources for American Literary Study 20 (1994), 213-230. [Employing textual theories of Jerome McGann and Kenneth Burke, argues that "Whitman's many manipulations of his texts actually create new works, however stable his title," and views the various versions of Leaves published during Whitman's lifetime as "nine separate, distinct texts and nine participants in a thirty-seven year drama."]

Ferlazzo, P. J. Review of Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays. Choice 32 (October 1994), 190.

Folsom, Ed. "Prospects for the Study of Walt Whitman." Resources for American Literary Study 20 (1994), 1-15. [Offers an overview of the current state of Whitman scholarship and assesses some possibilities for future research.]

Folsom, Ed. Review of Bettina L. Knapp, Walt Whitman. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Winter 1994), 144-145.

Folsom, Ed. Review of Stephen Mitchell, ed., Song of Myself. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Winter 1994), 145-147.

Folsom, Ed. Review of Joel Myerson, Walt Whitman: A Descriptive Bibliography. Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 88 (December 1994), 506-508.

Folsom, Ed. Review of Joel Myerson, ed., The Walt Whitman Archive. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Fall 1994), 115-117.

Folsom, Ed. Walt Whitman's Native Representations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. [Views Whitman's career from four different cultural perspectives--the development of American dictionaries, the growth of baseball, the evolution of American Indian policy, and the development of photography and photographic portraits.]

Folsom, Ed, ed. Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994. [Contains nineteen essays, each listed separately in this bibliography, and an introduction, "Generations Hence" (xv-xxiii) by Folsom. These essays, arranged in four groups ("The Life: The Biographical Whitman" [1-47], "The Texts: Origins and Style" [48-102], "The Culture: Politics and Sexuality" [103-181], and "The Influence: Whitman Among Others" [183- 250]), are based on the talks given at the 1992 Whitman Centennial Conference in Iowa City.]

Folsom, Ed. "Whitman and Photography." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 91-105. [Suggests how photography "gave Whitman a basis for his democratic poetics"; revised version of essay first published in Mickle Street Review 10 (1988).]

Folsom, Ed. "Whitman Naked?" Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Spring 1994), 200-202. [Describes Thomas Eakins' recently discovered photographs of a nude man who may be Walt Whitman; the photographs are printed on the back cover of the journal.]

French, R.W. Review of Harold Bloom, The Western Canon. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Fall 1994), 117-120.

French, R.W. Review of Jay Parini, ed., The Columbia History of American Poetry. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Spring 1994), 209-212.

Goldberg, Beckian Fritz. "Whitman's Confession: In the Cleft of Eternity." WHR [Western Humanities Review] 48 (Spring 1994), 62-63. [Poem imagining Whitman's thoughts at the moment of his death.]

Golden, Arthur. "The Obfuscations of Rhetoric: Whitman and the Visionary Experience." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 88-102. [Investigates the distance between Whitman's idealizing poetic voice (celebrating the American common people) and his condemnatory prose voice (finding fault with them), arguing also that his poetry includes black Americans while his prose excludes them.]

Goodblatt, Chanita. "The Succession of Images: Towards a Common Poetics for Walt Whitman and Dylan Thomas." In James A. Davies, et al, eds., Writing Regions and Nations (University of Wales, 1994), 221-228. [Compares and contrasts ways that "both poets exploit the succession of images to produce a continuous shift in focus" in their writings.]

Gordon, Travis. "Whitman's 'Spontaneous Me.'" Explicator 52 (Summer 1994), 219-222. [Reads "Spontaneous Me" as Whitman's equation of "the urge to disseminate sexually and the urge to disseminate the self in language."]

Griffin, Larry. "Walt Whitman and Rock 'n' Roll." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 203-211. [Suggests that Whitman was among the first to recognize the possibilities for African-American contributions to an American musical tradition; his "'native grand opera in America' is twentieth-century rock 'n' roll which arises from the African American traditions of Negro spirituals, ragtime, jazz, and the blues."]

Grünzweig, Walter. "'Teach Me Your Rhythm': The Poetics of German Lyrical Responses to Whitman." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 226-239. [Examines the tradition of German poets responding to Whitman in poems, from Arthur Drey's 1911 "Walt Whitman" through Jürgen Wellbrock's 1976 "Dein Selbst kann ich nicht singen."]

[Heller, Scott]. "Hot Type." Chronicle of Higher Education 40 (June 29, 1994), A10. [Reviews Ed Folsom's "Prospects for the Study of Walt Whitman" essay (Resources for American Literary Study 20 [1994]), reports on Jerome Loving's discovery of a previously unidentified Whitman poem (Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 [Winter 1994]), and discusses Folsom's recent and forthcoming Whitman books.]

Hollis, C. Carroll. "'Tallying, Vocalizing All': Discourse Markers in Leaves of Grass." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 61-67. [Examines Whitman's frequent use of discourse markers in the 1860 Leaves of Grass, suggesting they are a major factor in Whitman's creation of an "oral" text.]

Hutchinson, George B. "The Whitman Legacy and the Harlem Renaissance." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 201-216. [Shows how Whitman's legacy worked among writers of the Harlem Renaissance, particularly Alain Locke, James Weldon Johnson, and Jean Toomer, arguing that Whitman's work "contributed crucially to some of the most fruitful developments in black writing of the twentieth century."]

Ives, Charles. The Complete Songs of Charles Ives, volume 3. Albany Records, 1994. [Compact disc containing Ives's "Walt Whitman" performed by Paul Sperry and Irma Vallecillo.]

Jaworski, Philippe. "Whitman par Darras." Quinzaine Littéraire, no. 647 (May 16, 1994), 16. [Review of Feuilles d'Herbe II, Jacques Darras's new French translation of Leaves of Grass, comparing it with the translation of Roger Asselineau; in French.]

Kaddour, Hédi. Review of Walt Whitman, Comme des Baies de Genevrier (trans. Julien Deleuze). Nouvelle Revue Francaise no. 503 (December 1994), 122-125. [In French.]

Kaufman, Marjorie. "Whitman Birthplace to Get Visitor Center." New York Times (May 29, 1994), 14LI, 18. [Brief history of the Whitman Birthplace State Historic Site, with an overview of plans for a new visitor center to accommodate a ten-year tenfold increase in number of visitors.]

Kessler, Milton. "Notes to Accompany Whitman's Letter of July 28, 1891." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Winter 1994), 137-141. [Presents and contextualizes a previously unpublished letter of Whitman to his sister, Hannah Heyde.]

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. Review of James Dougherty, Walt Whitman and the Citizen's Eye. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Spring 1994), 203-206.

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. Review of Ed Folsom, Walt Whitman's Native Representations. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Summer 1994), 52-56.

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. "Whitman's Physical Eloquence." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 68-78. [Traces the ways that Whitman intensifies his rhetoric by insisting on sexual intimacy as his trope for the acts of reading and writing, and suggests that Whitman's sexual metaphors direct readers toward physical experience.]

Kinnell, Galway. "Flies." New Yorker 70 (December 12, 1994), 94. [Poem beginning "Walt Whitman noticed a group of them / suspended near his writing table at lunchtime. . . ."]

Kirby, David. Review of Joel Myerson, ed., Walt Whitman Archive. Library Journal 119 (February 1, 1994), 77.

Kirk, Diane Moore. "Landscapes of Old Age in Walt Whitman's Later Poetry." Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 1994. [Analyzes Whitman's post-1870 poems, using an interdisciplinary approach that includes "texts in environmental reform, gerontology, rhetoric of evolution, land policy, American history, art history," and works by other writers. DAI 55 (April 1995), 3190A.]

Kozlowski, Alan. "Whitman In Rehab: The Latest Wave of Whitman Criticism." Minnesota Review nos. 43-44 (Fall 1994 / Spring 1995), 240-243. [Review of Michael Moon, Disseminating Whitman.]

Krieg, Joann P. "A Visit to Bolton, England." Starting from Paumanok 9 (Spring 1994), 1, 3. [Reports on Krieg's visit to the Bolton Central Library Whitman collection.]

Krieg, Joann P. "Democracy in Action: Naming the Bridge for Walt Whitman." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review (Fall 1994), 108-114. [Describes the amusing 1950s controversy surrounding the naming of the Walt Whitman Bridge connecting Pennsylvania and New Jersey.]

Krieg, Joann P. "Letters from Warrie." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Spring 1994), 163-173. [Provides a history of the relationship between Whitman and Warren Fritzinger, the poet's nurse at the time of his death; includes an examination of the information known of Fritzinger's life, and presents and interprets four letters from Fritzinger, all of which concern Whitman to varying extents.]

Lanigan-Schmidt, Therese. "When Lilacs On Fire Island Bloom'd." Fire Island Tide 18 (July 8, 1994), 7, 21. [Briefly summarizes Whitman's Long Island associations, speculating that his rambles "no doubt" took him to Fire Island; under the misapprehension that the "Calamus" poems were written to Peter Doyle, the author imagines one of the poems "memorializing a romantic seaside visit to Fire Island with Doyle."]

Levine, Herbert. "Beyond Negation: Paradoxical Affirmation in Whitman's Third Edition." In Daniel Fischlin, ed., Negation, Critical Theory, and Postmodern Textuality (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 1994), 175-190. [Analyzes the nine cases of "negative analogy" (a "self-cancelling figure" of grammar--"not the X is so any more than the Y is") that occur in Whitman's poetry (all in the 1860 edition of Leaves), and argues that "Whitman's use of negation illuminates subjects about which Whitman may have wanted to equivocate, such as his homosexuality, and points to arguments he was having with himself and with his culture."]

Lisk, Thomas. "I Loafe and Invite My Soul." American Letters and Commentary 6 (1994), 77-93. [Musings on "the two Whitmans, the man and his creation," with some suggestions of a comparison to Bob Dylan.]

Loving, Jerome. "A Newly Discovered Whitman Poem." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Winter 1994), 117-122. [Presents a newly discovered Whitman poem, "A Sketch," and offers a bibliographic and textual analysis.]

Loving, Jerome, and Alice Lotvin Birney. "'A Young Woman Meets Walt Whitman': Anne Montgomerie Traubel's First Impression of the Poet." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Fall 1994), 104-105. [Introduces and presents a little-known short essay that was "told by Anne Montgomerie to her daughter Gertrude Traubel," describing Anne Montgomerie Traubel's early impressions of the poet.]

Loving, Jerome. Review of James Dougherty, Walt Whitman and the Citizen's Eye. American Literature 66 (March 1994), 166-167.

Loving, Jerome. Review of Joel Myerson, Walt Whitman: A Descriptive Bibliography. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Spring 1994), 206-209.

Loving, Jerome. "The Binns Biography." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 10-18. [Offers original research into the life of Henry Bryan Binns, Whitman's first "objective biographer," and suggests a rationale for Binns's portrayal of Whitman.]

Mancuso, Kenneth Luke. "'The Strange Sad War Revolving': Reconstituting Walt Whitman's Reconstruction Texts in the Legislative Workshop, 1865-1876." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, 1994. [Focuses on Whitman's "prolific Reconstruction project," examining the texts published between 1865 and 1876 in the context of "the legislative discourse of black emancipation and its stormy aftermath" and delineating Whitman's evolving "federalizing rhetoric." DAI 55 (February 1995), 2392A.]

Mancuso, Luke. "'Reconstruction is still in Abeyance': Walt Whitman's Democratic Vistas and the Federalizing of National Identity." American Transcendental Quarterly 8 (September 1994), 229-250.

Mariani, Andrea. "Light and Colors in Walt Whitman's Poetry: A Comparative Approach." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 137-160. [Deals with Whitman's "color perception," how "color always means energy, vibration, movement" in Whitman's poetry, how his use of color parallels that of nineteenth-century American landscape painters, the nature of his color tones, his "night colors," his "colors in sounds," and his Pindaric love of light.]

Marius, Richard, ed. The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. [Includes seventeen poems by Whitman in four different sections of the book: "The Horrors of War" (10-19), "Snapshots of War" (162- 179), "Lincoln" (335-347), and "Aftermath" (392-393).]

Martin, Robert K. "Walt Whitman." In Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Harvey J. Kaye, eds., The American Radical (New York: Routledge, 1994), 57-62. [Brief essay on how "Whitman's vision" is a "product . . . of an American radical tradition."]

Martin, Robert K. "Whitman and the Politics of Identity." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 172-181. [Analyzes a "triptych" of "Calamus" poems (#18, #19, #20) that traces out the construction of "a particular gay identity."]

Martin, Robert K. "Whitman's Different Lights: Challenges to 19th- Century Philosophy and Attitudes toward Sex." History Today 44 (April 1994), 45-49. [Discusses how "Whitman's vision" was a product "of an American radical tradition," sexually, politically, and poetically.]

Maslan, Mark. "Whitman and His Doubles: Division and Union in Leaves of Grass and Its Critics." American Literary History 6 (Spring 1994), 119-139. [Arguing that, in "encountering disunion, Whitman discovers America," this review essay discusses Betsy Erkkila, Whitman the Political Poet, Kerry Larson, Whitman's Drama of Consensus, Robert K. Martin, ed., The Continuing Presence of Walt Whitman, and Michael Moon, Disseminating Whitman.]

Mazzaro, Jerome. "Can These Bones Live?" Sewanee Review 102 (Winter 1994), 143-147. [Review essay discussing Mark Bauerlein, Whitman and the American Idiom, James Dougherty, Walt Whitman and the Citizen's Eye, M. Jimmie Killingsworth, The Growth of "Leaves of Grass," and Michael Moon, Disseminating Whitman.]

McWilliams, Jim. "An Unknown 1879 Profile of Whitman." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Winter 1994), 141-143. [Presents a previously unknown profile of Whitman originally published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on December 17, 1879.].

Milesi, Laurent. "From Tropic Song and 'Rhythmus' Onwards: Whitman and the (Post)Modern Dance." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 213-234. [Focuses "on notions of song, rhythm, and dance as a constantly reelaborated chain of tropes for poetic activity" from Whitman to postmodern poetry.]

Miller, Jr., James E. "Whitman's Multitudinous Poetic Progeny: Particular and Puzzling Instances." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 185-200. [Explores Whitman's "omnisexual theme" and looks at several authors who have incorporated it into their own work, especially women writers like Anne Gilchrist, Kate Chopin, and Muriel Rukeyser.]

Mullin, Joseph Eugene. "The Whitman of Specimen Days." Iowa Review 24 (Winter 1994), 148-161. [Summarizes Specimen Days and, in an attempt to justify "its casual ordering and its fragmentary nature," suggests the work might be read as a kind of prose silva.]

Murray, Robin L. "Whitman's 'Salut au Monde!'" Explicator 53 (Autumn 1994), 30-31. [Takes issue with the footnote in Comprehensive Reader's Edition of Leaves of Grass about Whitman's use of "Hottentot" and claims Whitman was well aware of "the complexity of the Hottentot language."]

Murray, Martin G. "'Pete the Great': A Biography of Peter Doyle." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Summer 1994), 1-51. [Offers a biography of Peter Doyle that "fills in some of the missing pieces about this enigmatic figure"; begins with Doyle's boyhood in Ireland and his passage to America, and provides the most in-depth exploration thusfar of Doyle, illuminating his relationship with Whitman.]

Myerson, Joel. "Whitman: Bibliography as Biography." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 19-29. [Argues that analytical bibliography can clarify key aspects of Whitman's life.]

Nolan, James. Poet-Chief: The Native American Poetics of Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. [Proposes "American Indian poetics as the model" for Whitman's and Neruda's own "oral, tribal poetics."]

Norton, Russell. Stereoviews Illustrated. Volume 1: Fifty Early American. New Haven: Stereoviews Illustrated Press, 1994. [Figure 13, p. 21, is a stereoview card of Walt Whitman, circa 1880, photographed and published by J. Gurney & Son.]

Parini, Jay. "In the Forest Primeval." TLS (April 8, 1994), 30. [Review of John Morrell's Democracy, a play about Whitman and Emerson.]

Parker, Hershel, ed. Walt Whitman / Emily Dickinson: Selections from The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Fourth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 1994. [Special supplementary volume for classes using the Norton Anthology, containing only the Whitman and Dickinson selections from the 2-volume anthology.]

Paro, Maria Clara Bonetti. "Encontro das águas: Tietêe Potomac." Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros [Sao Paulo, Brazil] no. 36 (1994), 81-93. [Discusses Mário de Andrade (1893-1945) as a reader of Leaves of Grass and analyzes some of his poems as a response to Whitman's work; in Portuguese.]

Peterson, Merrill D. Lincoln in American Memory. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. [Discusses how Whitman in "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" "summoned the inspiration to engrave the funeral permanently in American memory" (21-23), and discusses Whitman's "Death of President Lincoln" lecture (138-140).]

Phillips, Dana. "Nineteenth-Century Racial Thought and Whitman's 'Democratic Ethnology of the Future.'" Nineteenth-Century Literature 49 (December 1994), 289-320. [Argues that "Whitman's racial politics are more complicated, more conflicted, and considerably less admirable than his reputation for a broad and easy tolerance of others suggests," and proposes that "Whitman's apparent 'multiculturalism' actually functions as a means of specifying, despite all the evidence to the contrary, the singular culture of the United States and the common racial identity of its citizens."]

Phillips, Dana. "Whitman and Genre: The Dialogic in 'Song of Myself.'" Arizona Quarterly 50 (Autumn 1994), 31-58. [Takes issue with David Reynolds's characterization of Whitman (in Walt Whitman's America) as a poet of "fusion" who molds the popular, subversive literature of his time into high art; argues that "this valorization of 'fusion' over subversion runs very much counter to the spirit of the dialogic," and, following Bakhtin, concludes that, "whether one is the author or reader of Leaves of Grass, fusion and the dialogic are incommensurable values."]

Pierson, Kenneth Joseph. "Dramatizing Whitman." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1994. [Analyzes and categorizes (into the biographical, ideological, and poetical) "the 46 'Whitman dramas' which have been written since 1913," and chronicles the 1991 production of the author's own dramatic adaptation of "Song of Myself." DAI 55 (January 1995), 1957A.]

Pollak, Vivian R. "Whitman Unperturbed: The Civil War and After." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 30-47. [Pyschobiographical reading of "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd," with an emphasis on Whitman's antipresidential sentiment and his subtle complicity in the act he condemns.]

Portela, Maria Alejandra. "John Barth, Thomas McGuane y Tom Robbins: A lo largo de la pluralidad Whitmaniana." In Rolando Costa Picazo, ed., Estados Unidos y America Latina: Relaciones interculturales (Buenos Aires: Asociacion Argentina de Estudios Americanos, 1994), 221-229. [In Spanish.]

Portelli, Alessandro. The Text and the Voice: Writing, Speaking, and Democracy in American Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. [Chapter 6, "Symbols: The Oral Origins of the World," contains a section called "The Tongue and the Heart: Whitman" (129-135), arguing that "Whitman's dream of the voice is rooted upon typographical soil" and thus his "poetry is the triumph of writing, won by means of the absorption in it of a triumphant orality."]

Price, Kenneth M. "The Mediating 'Whitman': Edith Wharton, Morton Fullerton, and the Problem of Comradeship." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 36 (Winter 1994), 380-402. [Investigates the version of "Walt Whitman" that Wharton constructed during "her midlife affair (lasting from 1908 until probably 1911) with William Morton Fullerton," and examines the influence of Whitman's ideas of comradeship on her novels during and after this period.]

Price, Kenneth M. "Whitman, Dos Passos, and 'Our Storybook Democracy.'" In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 217-225. [Examines John Dos Passos's "career-long engagement with Whitman."]

Putter, Daphne Fallieros. Review of Joel Myerson, Walt Whitman: A Descriptive Bibliography. American Reference Books Annual 25 (1994), 508-509.

Quiring, Loren Pouretezadi. "The Literary Self: Toward a Theory of Agency and Voice." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1994. [Investigates Whitman, George Eliot, and Wallace Stevens in relation to the idea of the self as "body and poem." DAI 55 (December 1994), 1557A.]

Ratcliff, Carter. "Jackson Pollock & American Painting's Whitmanesque Episode." Art in America 82 (February 1994), 64-69, 118. [Compares Whitman and Pollock as "promulgators of an absolute egalitarianism"; also comments on Whitmanesque dimensions of the art of Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Smithson, and Julian Schnabel.]

Rehder, Robert. Review of Graham Clarke, Walt Whitman: The Poem as Private History. Review of English Studies 45 (February 1994), 125-126.

Reynolds, David S. Review of Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Summer 1994), 57-58.

Ricciardi, Caterina. "Walt Whitman and the Futurist Muse." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 265-284. [Tracks Whitman's influence on the poets of the "first phase" of Italian Futurism--Enrico Thovez, Paolo Buzzi, Enrico Cavacchioli, Adolfo De Bosis, Ardengo Soffici, and others.]

Riley, D. W. "Walt Whitman." John Rylands Research Institute Newsletter no. 8 (Summer 1994), 11-12. [Reports on recent acquisition by Rylands Library of a copy of the 1894 issue of Leaves of Grass, owned and heavily annotated by J. W. Wallace, a leading member of the Bolton Whitman circle.]

Roback, Diane, and Elizabeth Devereaux. Review of Nancy Loewen, Walt Whitman. Publisher's Weekly 241 (February 28, 1994), 89.

Salska, Agnieszka. "The Growth of the Past in Leaves of Grass." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 35-51. [Views "Whitman's poetry as a continuum, a process in which the power of the self becomes gradually eroded while the loss is compensated by the growth of the significance of the past," and concludes that by the 1870s "the past proved less recalcitrant to [Whitman's] imagination than either the present or the future."]

Salska, Agnieszka. "Whitman's Columbus: A Paradigm for What Happened to the America Dream." In Agnieszka Salska and Paul Wilson, eds., The American Dream: Past and Present (Lodz: Wydawnictwo Uniw. Lodzzkiegoi, 1994), 54-65.

San, Debra. "Dickinson's 'I am alive--I guess--.'" Explicator 52 (Winter 1994), 83-86. [Compares and contrasts Dickinson's cautiously affirmative poem with the "self-celebratory" poems of Whitman.]

Schneider, Steven P. A.R. Ammons and the Poetics of Widening Scope. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994. [Chapter 2, "'Curious' Science: Ammons and His Forebears," discusses the connections between Ammons's poetry and the work of Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman; the section on Whitman (pp. 65-70) presents Whitman and Ammons as "poets of science."]

Scholnick, Robert J. "The Original Eye: Whitman, Schelling and the Return to Origins." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Spring 1994), 174-199. [Explores ideas of originality as they relate to Whitman's writing and thought and uses Frederich Schelling to argue that "Whitman's presentation of himself as an original poet in Leaves of Grass was based on an aesthetic strategy involving an imaginative return to origins […]" by which Whitman conceives "a time and place of beginning, a place where, as in the second section [of "Song of Myself"], poet and reader can 'possess the origin of all poems'" and thus claim an authentic, original voice.]

Schwarzschild, Edward Lewis. "The Preservation of America: Whitman, James, and Adams Confront the Photograph." Ph.D. Dissertation, Washington University, 1994. [One chapter pairs Whitman and Mathew Brady in order to examine Whitman's "sustained literary engagements with the photograph," discovering "the power of the photograph to undermine narratives of American aesthetic progress" and to force writers "to question their ability to represent themselves and their country." DAI 55 (May 1995), 3515A.]

Selim, Ali Mohamed. Yonnondio. Media, PA: Media Inc., 1994. [Sixteen minute color music video "inspired by the Walt Whitman poem of the same name."]

Sherbo, Arthur. "Last Gleanings from The Critic: Clemens, Whitman, Hardy, Thackery, and Others." Studies in Bibliography 47 (1994), 212-221. [Offers "hitherto unrecorded materials by and about American and English authors" appearing in The Critic (1881-1906), including a letter Whitman published in the October 13, 1888, issue (214), responding to Edmund Gosse's essay, "Has America Produced a Poet?" Whitman says, in part, that "the names of Bryant, Emerson, Whittier, and Longfellow (with even added names, sometimes Southerners, sometimes Western or other writers of only one or two pieces) deserve in my opinion an equally high niche of renown" as any of the great English poets, "after placing Shakspere on a sort of preeminence of fame not to be invaded yet."]

Sill, Geoffrey, ed. Walt Whitman of Mickle Street: A Centennial Collection. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994. [Collects all the papers delivered at the Whitman conferences sponsored by the Whitman Studies Program at Rutgers University, Camden, from 1985-1990; with an "Introduction" by Sill (xi-xvii). The essays, all originally published in the Mickle Street Review, are: Daniel Hoffman, "'Hankering Gross, Mystical, Nude': Whitman's 'Self' and the American Tradition" (1-17); Justin Kaplan, "The Biographer's Problem" (18-27); Louis Simpson, "Strategies of Sex in Whitman's Poetry" (28-37); David S. Reynolds, "Whitman and Nineteenth-Century Views of Gender and Sexuality" (38-45); Daniel Aaron, "Whitman and the Founding Fathers" (46-53); Betsy Erkkila, "Whitman and American Empire" (54-69); Peter Balakian, "Whitman as Jeremiah" (70-79); Ed Folsom, "Whitman and the Visual Democracy of Poetry" (80-93); Alan Trachtenberg, "Whitman's Visionary Politics" (94-108); Xilao Li, "Whitman and Ethnicity" (109-122); Joseph Coulson, "The Poem Is the Body: Pronominal Relation in 'Song of Myself'" (123-128); Tenney Nathanson, "Whitman's Address to His Audience" (129-141); William H. Shurr, "The Salvation of America: Walt Whitman's Apocalypticism and Washington Irving's Columbus" (142-150); Jerome Loving, "Whitman's Idea of Women" (151-167); Sandra M. Gilbert, "'Now in a Moment I Know What I Am For': Rituals of Initiation in Whitman and Dickinson" (168-178); Vivian R. Pollak, "Death as Repression, Repression as Death: A Reading of Whitman's 'Calamus' Poems" (179-193); Kenneth M. Price, "Whitman's Influence on Hamlin Garland's Rose of Dutcher's Cooly" (194-204); Lorelei Cederstrom, "Walt Whitman and the Imagists" (205-223); Norma Wilson, "Heartbeat: Within the Visionary Tradition" (224 235); Sigurdur A. Magnússon, "Whitman in Iceland" (236-243); Walter Grünzweig, "'Inundated by This Mississippi of Poetry': Walt Whitman and German Expressionism" (244-256); Alexander Coleman, "The Ghost of Whitman in Neruda and Borges" (257-269); Roger Asselineau, "When Walt Whitman Was a Parisian" (270-275); Gay Wilson Allen, "Kornei Chukovsky, Whitman's Russian Translator" (276- 282); Yassen Zassoursky, "Whitman's Reception and Influence in the Soviet Union" (283-290); and William Heyen, "Piety and Home in Whitman and Milosz" (291-296).]

Simkin, Stephen J. "'Extremes Meet': Hopkins and Walt Whitman." Forum for Modern Language Studies 30 (January 1994), 1-17. [Reviews previous scholarship on the Hopkins/Whitman relationship, emphasizing "the aesthetic and the ascetic in Hopkins and Whitman" and "clarify[ing] some points at which they radically diverge."]

Stefanelli, Maria Anita. "'Chants' as 'Psalms for a New Bible.'" In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 171-188. [Investigates the ways Whitman "reshapes" some Biblical patterns in his poetry so that "a 'large' chiasmus-like paradigm is produced between Whitman's language and the language of the Bible, thus resulting in a mirroring of inverted meanings."]

Stonum, Gary Lee. "Whitman and Dickinson." In David J. Nordloh, ed., American Literary Scholarship: An Annual 1992 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994), 65-77. [Offers a selective review of Whitman scholarship published during 1992 (65-72).]

Strassburg, Robert. "New Light on Old Walt." Walt Whitman Circle 3 (Summer 1994), 2. [Review of Ed Folsom, Walt Whitman's Native Representations.]

Strassburg, Robert, ed. The Walt Whitman Circle 3 (Fall 1994). [Quarterly newsletter of the Leisure World Walt Whitman Circle, with news of circle activities; this issue focuses on Emerson, with brief notes on "Whitman and Emerson" (1), "The Charter of an Emperor" (reprinting Emerson's 1855 letter to Whitman), and "Ralph Waldo Emerson, Poet & Mentor" (2).]

Strassburg, Robert, ed. The Walt Whitman Circle 3 (Spring 1994). [Newsletter of the Leisure World Walt Whitman Circle, containing news of Whitman activities worldwide; this issue has brief articles on "Walt Whitman and the Civil War" (1) and "Music Inspired by Whitman's Civil War Poems" (1).]

Strassburg, Robert, ed. The Walt Whitman Circle 4 (Winter 1994). [Contains news of the Leisure World Walt Whitman Circle and notices of Whitman events and publications worldwide.]

Suermondt, Tim. "Briefly Eavesdropping on Walt Whitman, Virginia, 1863." Poetry 164 (July 1994), 195. [Poem on Whitman's Civil War experience.]

Swerdlow, Joel L. "America's Poet: Walt Whitman." National Geographic 186 (December 1994), 106-141. [Generously illustrated overview of Whitman's life and career, with ruminations about Whitman's value and relevancy today.]

Tapscott, Stephen. "Whitman in 1855 and the Image of the 'Body Politic.'" In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 107-122. [Argues that if we "restore to [the 1855 Leaves] some of its original political energies" the poem will come to seem "less idealizing than performative, less epic than dramatic in its argument."]

Tedeschini Lalli, Biancamaria. "Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 15-33. [Examines how "the American faith in the present as history" has an impact on Whitman's language, and explores "the relationship between language and history" in Whitman's work.]

Thomas, M. Wynn. "Whitman and the Dreams of Labor." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 133-152. [Demonstrates ways the dreams and realities of the nineteenth-century world of labor shaped Whitman's reading of American political affairs, creating his "rhetoric of conciliation" in the 1860 poetry and leading to his avoidance of the nation's labor problems toward the end of his life.]

Thomas, M. Wynn. "Whitman's Tale of Two Cities." American Literary History 6 (Winter 1994), 633-657. [Cites a wealth of information and anecdotes about nineteenth-century New York, and investigates ways that "Whitman's poetic Mannahatta is . . . the Siamese twin of his journalistic New York: the one image is linked internally and inseparably to the other, and the point at which they are joined is the point at which they jointly connect with history."]

Trachtenberg, Alan. "The Politics of Labor and the Poet's Work: A Reading of 'A Song for Occupations.'" In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 120-132. [Positing that for Whitman "labor" is the conversion of "democracy" into "America," this essay examines Whitman's labor of retrieving "occupations" from dead classifications and returning them to living praxis.]

Villar Raso, Manuel. "Musical Structure of Whitman's Poems." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 189-201. [Suggests some musical analogies and bases of Whitman's poetry, especially "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" and "When Lilaces Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" (which "clearly follows the principle of the sonata form").]

Wacker, Jill. "Sacred Panoramas: Walt Whitman and New York City Parks." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 12 (Fall 1994), 86-103. [Examines Whitman's journalism, focusing on his stories and editorials like "A Lazy Day" that present the author in a "slacker pose"; argues that while Whitman's "agitations for public space change over time," he "ultimately champions the notion of allocating higher grounds for public use, allowing all city-dwellers the opportunity to experience the all-encompassing power of the panoramic."]

Walkington, J. W. "Mystical Experience in H.D. and Walt Whitman: An Intertextual Reading of Tribute to the Angels and "Song of Myself." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 11 (Winter 1994), 123-136. [Reads H.D.'s Tribute to the Angels in conjunction with Whitman's "Song of Myself," finding congruities that "reinforce the value of mysticism in both works"; uses James E. Miller, Jr.'s essay "'Song of Myself' as Inverted Mystical Experience" as a key into H.D.'s poems.]

Wangusa, Timothy. "Stars and Stripes." In A Pattern of Dust: Selected Poems 1965-1990 (Kampala, Uganda: Fountain, 1994), 25-30. [Poem; Section IV ("Celebration," 28) is about Whitman, who "Broke the insular tyranny / Of Bill Shakespeare's smug / Iambic pentameter," and Section V ("Finale," 29) addresses Whitman ("Poet of all things show me a wonder / And shock my eyes").]

Warren, James Perrin. "Reading Whitman's Post-War Poetry." In Marina Camboni, ed., Utopia in the Present Tense: Walt Whitman and the Language of the New World (Rome: Il Calamo, 1994), 53-69. [Traces "Whitman's combinatory strategies and evolutionary style" in his post-Civil War work, especially "Passage to India."]

Warren, James Perrin. "Reconstructing Language in Democratic Vistas." In Ed Folsom, ed., Walt Whitman: The Centennial Essays (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994), 79-87. [Analyzes Whitman's "reconstructive strategies" in Democratic Vistas, noting that reconstruction for Whitman is as much textual as political; demonstrates that Vistas has its roots in Whitman's antebellum writing.]

Watson, Craig. "Whitman and Revision: Two Views." South Carolina Review 27 (Fall 1994/Spring 1995), 344-350. [Review of Michael Moon, Disseminating Whitman, and Mark Bauerlein, Whitman and the American Idiom.]

Whitman, Walt. Feuille d'Herbe II. Translated and with a preface (7-16) by Jacques Darras. Paris: Grasset, Les Cahiers Rouges, 1994. [Second volume of Darras' French translation of Leaves of Grass; first volume appeared in 1989.]

Whitman, Walt. The Civil War Poems of Walt Whitman. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1994.

Whitman, Walt. Whitman Shishu [Whitman: Collected Poems]. Tokyo: Shicho-sha, 1994. [Selection of Whitman’s poetry in a Japanese translation by Hajime Kijima; previously issued in 1968 (Tokyo, Kawade shobo).]

Wolper, Page Kerry. "Qualified Assertions and Unqualified Narrators: An Inquiry into the Rhetoric of Literary Authority in Walt Whitman and Wallace Stevens." Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1994. [Discusses the problematics of the poetic constructions of "modern equivalents of an authority that had been previously supplied by God or the ineffable or the sublime," discovering in Whitman and Stevens writers who reconstitute the "tragic paradigm." DAI 55 (February 1995), 2396A.]

Yates, Christopher Alan. "Translations." M.A. Thesis, State University of New York at Stony Brook. [Chapter 1, "Walt Whitman and Mysticism" (1-13), presents Leaves of Grass as "a document of mysticism."]

Zamir, Shamoon. "'The Sorrow Songs' / 'Song of Myself': Du Bois, the Crisis of Leadership, and Prophetic Imagination." In Werner Sollors and Maria Diedrich, eds., The Black Columbiad: Defining Moments in African American Literature and Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994), 145-166. [Briefly suggests that "the interaction of the senses and the social politics in Whitman's 'Song of Myself' are closer to Du Bois than is Emerson," though "unlike Whitman, Du Bois does not attempt to recuperate a threatened self-confidence or a stable self and its powers of incorporation."]

Zappulla, Elio. "Columbus, Whitman, and Conrad: A Passionate Linkage." Italian Journal 8, nos. 3-4 (1994), 28-31. [Offers autobiographical reading of "Prayer of Columbus" as a poem that "begins in a despair born of physical suffering and ends in a despair that is perhaps deeper"; suggests parallels between "Whitman's Columbus and the figure of Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness."]

Unsigned. A Study Guide to the Poetry of Walt Whitman. N.P.: Audio, 1994. [Audio cassette, narrated by Peter Strauss, and booklet; study guide for "Song of Myself," "Passage to India," and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd."]

Unsigned. Brief review of Geoffrey Sill, ed., Walt Whitman of Mickle Street. Nineteenth-Century Literature 49 (December 1994), 428.

Unsigned. Brief review of Joel Myerson, Walt Whitman: A Descriptive Bibliography. American Literature 66 (June 1994), 423.

Unsigned. Dickinson and Whitman: Ebb and Flow. Audio Partners Publishing, 1994. [Audio cassette containing Dickinson poems read by Nancy Wickwire and Whitman poems read by Alexander Scourby.]

Unsigned. "Sophia Wells Royce Williams: 'Walt Whitman in His Camden, New Jersey, Home.'" Sotheby's: Photographs, Sale 6551 (April 23, 1994), item 39. [Platinum print of Sophie Williams's photograph of Whitman, described and reproduced; listed for $2,000-$3,000.]

Unsigned. "The Gay Wilson Allen Papers." The Jay B. Hubbell Center Newsletter no. 4 (January 1994), 2. [Reports on the acquisition by Duke University of the Allen Papers, which supplement the Trent Collection of Whitman materials: "the Allen Papers document not only Allen's own career as a Whitman scholar but also the entire history of Whitman scholarship, from Furness back to Barrus and to Burroughs."]