Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography
2002

This bibliography last revised June 14, 2004.
Please report errors and omissions to wwqr@uiowa.edu.

Allison, Raphael C. "Walt Whitman, William James, and Pragmatist Aesthetics." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 19-29. [Explores "Whitman's role in shaping James's thought" and evaluates "Whitman's place in the pragmatist tradition," emphasizing the role of aesthetics in pragmatism and offering a pragmatic reading of "Song of the Broad-Axe" based on "Jamesian pluralism."]

Asselineau, Roger. "Grass and Liquid Trees: The Cosmic Vision of Walt Whitman." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 221-227. [Suggests that the one aspect of Whitman's poetry we should never forget is its imagery, its fluidity and solidity, Whitman's ever-present water and his leaves of grass.]

Asselineau, Roger. Miettes et Miracles. Paris: Collection Saint-Germain-des-Prés, 2002. [Poems, beginning with Asselineau's French translation of Whitman's "Miracles" (8) and including original poems inspired by Whitman: "Walt Whitman, Walt Whitman, / pourquoi avoir abandonné / sans remords à la hache des pionniers / les grands sequoias de Californie, / promis, / san leur venue, à l'immortalité?" Limited edition of fifty copies; in French.]

Asselineau, Roger. Review of Éric Athenot, Walt Whitman: Poète-cosmos. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 40.

Athenot, Éric. Walt Whitman: Poète-cosmos. Paris: Belin, 2002. [Introductory study of Whitman in Belin's "voix américaines" series; chapters include "Le barde américain: parution et réception de Feuilles d'herbe en 1855," "Whitman, poète révolutionnaire," "Feuilles d'herbe, poème de l'extase," "Le rhapsode de l'Amérique," and "Whitman, poète et prophète"; with short biographical overview (11-16), a conclusion on "Whitman et la postérité," and a brief bibliography (125-126); in French.]

Bacon, Ernst. Fond Affection: Music of Ernst Bacon. New York: CRI, 2002. [Compact disc of music by Bacon (1898-1990), including settings of Whitman's "The Commonplace," "Grand Is the Scene," "Lingering Last Drops," and "The Last Invocation," performed by baritone William Sharp.]

Baker, David. "Primer of Words." Georgia Review 56 (Fall 2002), 780-783. [Poem about Whitman in Canada in 1880, making lists; with numerous quotations from The Primer of Words and Diary in Canada.]

Barney, Brett. "Whitman, Race, and Literary History: A Recently Recovered Dialogue." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 30-35. [Transcribes and analyzes a Whitman manuscript from the Huntington (New York) Public Library, examining the significance of Whitman's writing around a newspaper clipping about "Greeks, Romans, and Hebrews," on which he comments and with which he argues, "reinscrib[ing] the literary and cultural contributions of non-European, non-Judeo-Christian people."]

Bart, Barbara Mazor, ed. Starting from Paumanok . . . 16 (Winter 2002). [Newsletter of Walt Whitman Birthplace Association, with news of association events.]

Bart, Barbara Mazor, ed. Starting from Paumonok . . . 16 (Fall 2002). [Newsletter of the Walt Whitman Birthplace Association, with news of Association events.]

Bertolini, Vincent J. “‘Hinting’ and ‘Reminding’: The Rhetoric of Performative Embodiment in Leaves of Grass.” ELH 69 (Winter 2002), 1047-1082. [Investigates “the rhetorical ethico-politics of subjectivity operating in Whitman’s text,” wherein Whitman’s “I” invites the reader “to see the self gaining expression in the poetry as ‘being realized’—being instantiated, rendered real, brought into being—through the reader’s participatory agency,” creating a “self compounded of both speaker and reader, as much the abstract ‘you’ . . . as the lyric persona himself”; and goes on to examine metaphors (“hinting,” “reminding,” “translating”) from the first three editions of Leaves that “can be construed as a rough theory-in-practice of . . . the rhetoric of embodied performativity in the text.”]

Bertolini, Vincent J. Review of Vivian Pollak, The Erotic Whitman. Modern Philology 100 (August 2002), 145-150.

Boggs, Colleen Glenney. "Specimens of Translation in Walt Whitman's Poetry." Arizona Quarterly 58 (Autumn 2002), 33-56. [Argues that, for Whitman, "American poetry is that which emerges in acts of translation," and examines the "unlikely attachment between translation and the American vernacular" as a way "to explain how Whitman negotiated his desire to be aboriginal and universal, to be nationally unique yet globally representative"; focuses on Specimen Days (as a kind of "literary anthology, the specimen collection"), Longfellow's translations, and Whitman's evocation of "translation" in "Song of Myself."]

Boulanger, Pascal. Review of Walt Whitman, Feuilles d’herbe, trans. Jacques Darras. Europe Revue Litteraire Mensuelle 80 (October 2002), 288.

Bouziotis, Christy Lynn. "The 'mysteries dimly sealed': Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and the Civil War." Ph.D. Dissertation, Drew University, 2002. [Proposes that Whitman and Melville, "when faced with the war, turned away from their 'home' genres--poetry and fiction, respectively--to embrace different modes of expression," and "contends that Whitman's decision to generate prose accounts of his experience as a Civil War hospital volunteer sprang from his desire to record a picture of the war that was more graphically realistic than the images and scenarios presented in his Civil War poems"; DAI 63 (September 2002), 941A.]

Bromwich, David. “Lincoln and Whitman as Representative Americans.” Yale Review 90 (April 2002), 1-21. [Compares Whitman and Abraham Lincoln, emphasizing their “ordinariness” and their ability to “express the morality of true democracy.”]

Ceniza, Sherry. "Whitman's En Masse Aesthetics." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 105-114. [Proposes that it is time to go beyond reading Whitman as simply or essentially a gay poet and instead to start underscoring the fluidity and absorptiveness of his sexual imagery, an imagery that does not exclude heterosexuals but that calls for an open accessibility for all readers: "it's the ties between people, not the difference, that Whitman's poetry enacts."]

Chiasson, Daniel Paul. "Saying What Happened: Post-War American Poetry and Autobiography." Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 2002. [Analyzes "the autobiographical strain in Post-World War II American Poetry in light of . . . the achievement of Walt Whitman," particularly the way "Whitman challenges American poets to speak beyond the confines of any one life or any one consciousness"; DAI 63 (October 2002), 1336A.]

Corona, Mario. "The Literary Representation of Sexuality in Mid-Nineteenth-Century America: The Example of Walt Whitman." Anglistica [Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples, Italy] 6 (2002), 29-44. [Reviews the debate between Emerson and Whitman over the wisdom of including poems of sexuality in Leaves of Grass and looks at Whitman's "actual representation of sexual emotions or acts."]

Crutchfield, John Randolph. "Under the Shadow of Ultimacy: Studies in American Theopoiesis." Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2002. [Proposes, in a study of the nature of "religious poetry," that "theopoiesis can take either of two distinct but complementary forms, psalm and prophecy; and that American religious poets have tended to write in one or the other form," and goes on to argue that "Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman, building upon the theopoietic discoveries of their forebears, are America's first great psalmist and prophet"; DAI 63 (October 2002), 1337A.]

Danielpour, Richard. An American Requiem. San Francisco: Reference Recordings, 2002. [Compact disk; musical setting of work by Whitman, Emerson, Michael Harper, and H.D.]

D'Asaro, Andrea. "In Whitman's Shadow: Nick Virgilio Bringing Haiku to the People." Multitudes [Journal of the Walt Whitman Arts Center, Camden, New Jersey] (Spring 2002), 6-7. [About Camden, New Jersey, haiku poet Virgilio (1928-1989), who, along with Whitman, "are the two poets people in Camden remember," according to poet Rocky Wilson.]

Darras, Jacques. “Walt Whitman, poète de l’utopie américaine: Entretien avec Jacques Darras.” Esprit no. 288 (October 2002), 55-64. [Interview (conducted by Anne-Lorraine Bujon, Marc-Oliver Padis, and Grégoire Pujade-Lauraine) with the French translator of Leaves of Grass, Jacques Darras, about Whitman and his American contexts; in French.]

Dillaha, Ryan. “Urge and Urge: Walt Whitman, Harriet Jacobs, and the Sexual Discourse of the Nineteenth Century.” Xchanges 2 (September 2002), http://www.americanstudies.wayne.edu/xchanges/2.1/dillaha.html. [Examines sexuality in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass and Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, arguing that “these two disparate accounts reveal not just the experience of sexuality at two different poles of society, but the power of sexual discourse of the time to permeate them both.”]

Durphey, Scott A. “Striving for Unity: A Comparative Examination of Unitary Consciousness in Whitman's Song of Myself and Plato's Symposium.” Studia Mystica 23 (2002), 144-166. [Examines “the mystical experiences of both Whitman and Plato as embodied in their own writings, paying particular attention to the nature of their respective visions and how their alternate approaches to the experience of the coincidentia oppositorum gives them unique perspectives on immortality, love, nature, and most especially, the problem of duality vs. Monism as a reflection of the nature of the self,” arguing that, in terms of mysticism, “Whitman and Plato represent the best possible examples of the extrovertive and introvertive visions”—Whitman “reveling in the sensuous and wonderful power of the divine in every object of perception,” Plato “‘closing off the avenue of the senses’ in order to experience the transcendent divinity with the mind alone.”]

Ely, Mary Lynda. “Walt Whitman in the Movies: The Intersection of Poetry and Mass Culture.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2002. [“Analyzes representations of Walt Whitman's poetry, philosophy, and person in film, arguing that Whitman's work and the film texts representing him are projects designed primarily for profit and audience approval”; focuses on D. W. Griffith’s Intolerance, Warner Brothers’ Now, Voyager, Vincent Sherman’s Goodbye, My Fancy, Ron Shelton’s Bull Durham, Peter Weir’s Dead Poets Society, Alek Keshishian's With Honors, and John Kent Harrison’s Beautiful Dreamers; DAI 63 (May 2003), 3945A.]

Erkkila, Betsy. "Public Love: Whitman and Political Theory." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 115-144. [Proposes that Jürgen Habermas's theory of the "public sphere" is useful in reading Whitman's poetry as an enactment of the making public of private emotion and in the creation of a space where the personal becomes political; explores "the relations among public emotion, homoeroticisim, political union, and democratic theory" that form the most radical elements of Whitman's work.]

Evers, Nedra Crowe. Review of Harold Bloom, ed., Walt Whitman: Selected Poems. Library Journal 128 (May 1, 2003), 117-118.

Ferrell, Monique S. "Sushi in Brooklyn, a Dedication to Walt Whitman." Antioch Review 60 (Summer 2002), 478. [Poem, beginning "walt whitman is not a dead man is not an esteemed poet / he is a housing development on carlton avenue."]

Folsom, Ed, ed. "In Memoriam: Roger Asselineau, 1915-2002." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Fall 2002), 92-103. [Tributes to Whitman scholar Asselineau by Folsom (93-95), Jerome Loving (95-97), Walter Grünzweig (97-98), Betsy Erkkila (98-99), M. Wynn Thomas (99-100), Kenneth M. Price (100), Robert Strassburg (100-101), and Paul Christensen (101-103).]

Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 193-198.

Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 41-48.

Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Fall 2002), 87-91.

Folsom, Ed, ed. Whitman East and West: New Contexts for Reading Walt Whitman. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002. [Contains fifteen original essays, each listed separately in this bibliography, along with a "Preface" (ix-xi) and "Introduction: Whitman East and West" (xiii-xxiv), both by Folsom.]

Folsom, Ed, and Kenneth M. Price. "Walt Whitman." In Kent P. Ljungquist, ed., Antebellum Writers in New York, Second Series [Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 250] (Detroit: Bruccolli Clark Layman/Gale Group, 2002), 348-383. [Biography of Whitman, with bibliographies of works by and about Whitman.]

Frau, Juan. “Una traducción polémica: León Felipe ante la obra de Whitman y Shakespeare.” Hermeneus: Revista de Traduccion e Interpretacion 4 (2002), 33-70. [Examines Castilian poet León Felipe’s theory of translation by examining his statements about translation and analyzing his practice in translating Whitman’s “Song of Myself” and Shakespeare’s Macbeth; in Spanish.]

Gaur, Arun. I Stand Apart: Alienated Center in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself. Calcutta, India: Writers Workshop, 2002. [Section-by-section reading of "Song of Myself," examining the poem as "a story of alienation," the theme of which is "the poet's alienation from mankind, . . . from all kinds of natural elements, and most unexpectedly--even from his own self."]

Genoways, Ted. "The Correspondence of Walt Whitman: A Fourth Supplement with Addenda to the Calendar of Letters Written to Whitman." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 123-147. [Prints thirty-three previously unpublished Whitman letters, with an introduction by Genoways (123-127) and an "Addenda to the Calendar of Letters Written to Whitman" (145-147).]

Grünzweig, Walter. "'O Divine Average!": Whitman's Poetry and the Production of Normality in Nineteenth-Century American Culture." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 26-35. [Views Whitman in the context of "normality studies," arguing that Whitman is "one of the earliest voices of normalism," celebrating the "divine average" and valuing in his poetry "a statistical quantity . . . which defines as normal that which the average human being, the average American, holds to be true," thus providing him with a "descriptive rather than prescriptive" set of evolving democratic norms.]

Hardie, Tony. "Imago Christi: Hopkins and Whitman." Symbiosis 6 (April 2002), 1-26. [Compares Whitman's "The Sleepers" to Gerard Manley Hopkins's "The Wreck of the Deutschland," focusing on "nature, the heart, and religion" as the "dimension of kinship" between the two poets, who both believed that "God's love" was "indiscriminate," and who both subscribed to a version of Duns Scotus's "incarnational theology."]

Harrison, Henry Leslie. "The Temple and the Forum: The American Museum and Cultural Authority in Hawthorne, Melville, Stowe, and Whitman." Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, 2002. [Chapter 5 "examines Whitman's attraction to new governmental institutions in both his poetry and in . . . Specimen Days," indicating the embrace "of new cultural forms as a means addressing the disruptive energies of Gilded Age America"; DAI 63 (October 2002), 1338A.]

Higgins, Andrew C. "Wage Slavery and the Composition of Leaves of Grass: The 'Talbot Wilson' Notebook." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Fall 2002), 53-77. [Examines Whitman's "Talbot Wilson" notebook, recently recovered by the Library of Congress, and challenges the usual dating of the notebook in the 1840s, arguing instead that the poetic notes were written much closer to 1855; reassesses the significance of the notebook, "especially its statements about race and slavery," and argues that slavery "plays a very minor role in the notebook, that Whitman is far more concerned with issues of ownership and the soul, and that discussions of slavery, when they do appear, seem to be as much connected to working-class wage-slavery rhetoric as to Free Soil anti-chattel-slavery rhetoric."]

Huang, Guiyou. "Whitman on Asian Immigration and Nation-Formation." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 159-171. [Offers an overview of Whitman's attitudes toward immigration and analyzes Whitman's poems focusing on Asia and Asian immigrants, finding them key to understanding "Whitman's evolving definition of America as a new nation and new race" and Whitman's emergence as "both an Ameri-centric and internationalist poet."]

Hutchinson, George. Review of Gary Schmidgall, ed., Intimate with Walt. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 187-189.

Jensen, Beth. Leaving the M/other: Whitman, Kristeva, and Leaves of Grass. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002. [Employing Jula Kristeva's theories of subject formation and language acquisition, explores the "integral role" of the "mother" (not the "biological mother but instead psychoanalytical M/other, the primal or pre-Oedial M/other") in Whitman's work starting in 1855 and tracing the transformation of Whitman's image of the ocean from a "maternal image" to a deific "father."]

Jewell, Andrew. "Remembering, Not Composing: Clarifying the Record on ['I'll Trace This Garden']." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Fall 2002), 78-81. [Identifies a poetry manuscript in Whitman's hand as a flawed transcription of a folk song, popular during the Civil War, known as "Johnny is Gone for a Soldier."]

Jung, Kyunghoon. “How To Do with the Absolute Other: Signifier, Subject, and Other in Lacan, Levinas, Whitman, and Duncan.” Ph.D. Dissertation, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2002. [Chapter 3 employs Lacanian and Levinasian theory to examine “the relation of the subject (Me) to others (Not-Me) in Whitman,” arguing that he “envisions a radical multicultural democracy on the basis of the transcendental body of jouissance,” but that his egalitarianism “is problematically turned into a multicultural but imperialistic racist nationalism when he ontologizes the body of the singular jouissance as the universal same that realizes and evolves itself through particulars in the world and he privileges the Union as the representative of the progress of the universal and as the overriding Good over the human rights of minorities”; DAI 63 (December 2002), 2242A.]

Kaylor, Michael M. "'Beautiful Dripping Fragments': A Whitmanesque Reading of Hopkins' 'Epithalamion.'" Victorian Poetry 40 (Summer 2002), 157-187. [Notes "Hopkins' admission of similarity to Whitman" and argues that "something lusty and masculine does indeed lurk behind the nuptial title and extraneous fragments of [Hopkins'] 'Epithalamion': a 'scoundrel-ous' something he dared not name; something erotically responsive to what Whitman christens as 'Youth, large, lusty, loving-youth full of grace, force, fascination' . . . something that can be unexpurgated through a Whitmanesque reading of the text"; reads Hopkins' poem in juxtaposition to Whitman's work.]

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. "The Voluptuous Earth and the Fall of the Redwood Tree: Whitman's Personifications of Nature." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 14-25. [Examines, from an "ecopoetic" perspective, the ways "Whitman pushed the limits" of personification, creating in "Song of the Redwood-Tree" what is ecologically "the most reprehensible poem written in nineteenth-century America," but also creating in "This Compost" what "may well be the most satisfactory."]

Killingsworth, M. Jimmie. "Whitman and Dickinson." In David J. Nordloh and Gary Scharnhorst, eds., American Literary Scholarship / 2000 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 61-90. [Reviews scholarship on Whitman (61-76) and Dickinson published in 2000.]

Krieg, Joann P. "John Butler Yeats and Jack B. Yeats on Whitman." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 35-37. [Documents William Butler Yeats's father John Butler Yeats's 1913 speech at a New York Whitmanite dinner and prints a sketch of Whitman by Jack B. Yeats (John Butler Yeats's son, and William Butler Yeats's brother).]

Kusch, Celena E. "How the West Was One: American Modernism's Song of Itself." American Literature 74 (September 2002), 517-538. [Examines H.D.'s review of Edgar Lee Masters's 1937 Whitman "as a model of modern U.S. nation-building impulses," arguing that H.D. rejects Masters's appropriation of Whitman as a "prairie-made 'true American'"and reads him instead as "an East-Coast Whitman, as one of the colonizers," because H.D.'s "imagined national identity requires a return to the East Coast in order to reconcile the American West with the European West," allowing for "the ideological and genealogical act of modern nation building on the foundation of a Western European pedigree."]

Layng, George W. “Rephrasing Whitman: Williams and the Visual Idiom.” Sagetrieb 18 (2002), 181-200. [Examines William Carlos Williams’s debt to Whitman, arguing that “Whitman’s speech poetics provided the groundwork for Williams’s innovations” and proposing that Williams’s “visual phrase” was “a further development of Whitman’s effort to create a distinctive American poetics through speech rhythms.”]

Leving, Yuri. “‘Come Serve the Muse and Merge in Verse. . . .’” Nabokovian 48 (Spring 2002), 11-12. [Suggests that a key image of a locomotive in Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita is in fact Whitman’s “To a Locomotive in Winter” “retold in prose close to the original text.”]

Liu Rongqiang. "Whitman's Soul in China: Guo Moruo's Poetry in the New Culture Movement." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 172-186. [Examines Chinese poet Guo Moruo's career, including Guo's introduction to Whitman's work while he was living in Japan in the years just before the May 4th Movement in 1919, and tracks the biographical, historical, and aesthetic reasons for Guo's embrace of Whitman.]

Liu Shusen. "Gu Chen and Walt Whitman: In Search of New Poetics." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 208-220. [Examines Whitman's influence on the contemporary Chinese poet Gu Cheng, "the poet whose indebtedness to Whitman is the greatest among his Chinese peers."]

Loving, Jerome. "In Memoriam: Edwin Haviland Miller." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 199-200.

Loving, Jerome. Review of Joann P. Krieg, Whitman and the Irish. American Literary Realism 34 (Winter 2002), 175-176.

Loving, Jerome. Walt Whitman: El canto a sí mismo. Barcelona: Paidós, 2002. [Spanish translation, by Carles Roche, of Loving's Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself (1999).]

Lux, Thomas. "Letter to Walt Whitman from a Soldier He Nursed in Armory Square Hospital, Washington, D.C., 1866." American Poetry Review 31 (November-December 2002), 4. [Prose poem; imagined letter to Whitman by Union soldier Bill Willis.]

Mack, Stephen John. The Pragmatic Whitman: Reimagininng American Democracy. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002. [Proposes that pragmatism is the philosophical tradition that best explicates Whitman's poetry and examines how Whitman's poetry "participates in that tradition," demonstrating how pragmatism serves as a useful "interpretive strategy" to "produce worthwhile readings" of a number of Whitman's texts, including "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and Democratic Vistas.]

MacPhail, Scott. "Lyric Nationalism: Whitman, American Studies, and the New Criticism." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 44 (Summer 2002), 133-160. [Argues that "the history of Whitman's critical reception, especially his canonical apotheosis at the moment that the New Criticism began to inform the project of American Studies, provides us with the reifying model of lyric nationalism that has come to shape so much recent literary and general public conceptions of American representativeness," and tracks the origin and history of this lyric nationalism "to the intersection of three trends: the rise of American Studies in the academy; the focus on genre in the value judgments of the New Criticism; and the particular social and political function of literature in the years just following World War II" in order to illustrate "the changing and primary function Walt Whitman has played in postwar attempts to articulate an American literary history"; examines critical works by Leslie Fiedler, F. O. Matthiessen, James E. Miller, Jr., Gay Wilson Allen, Cleanth Brooks, Robert Penn Warren, R. W. B. Lewis, and others.]

Manson, Matthew Jack. “Unmaking History: Modern American Literary Autobiography and the Limits of Nineteenth Century Life-Writing.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2002. [Proposes that life-writing underwent a change in the nineteenth century, involving “the perceiving/writing subject” becoming “the pragmatic creator of his or her historical milieu,” and examines Whitman’s Specimen Days and Leaves of Grass, along with works by other authors, in relation to this “concerted challenge to the stability of the socially construed life story” brought on by “the representational fallibility and ontological instabilities their authors considered intrinsic to the recording of the historical life-story”; DAI 63 (June 2003), 4315A.]

Martin, Doug. "Whitman's 'Cavalry Crossing a Ford.'" Explicator 60 (Summer 2002), 198-200. [Looks at "Whitman's extreme attention to prosody" in this poem, suggesting it "is a poem about aesthetics as much as about war."]

Martin, Robert K. "A Dream Still Invincible?: The Matthiessen Tradition." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 97-104. [Analyzes Mark Merlis's 1994 novel American Studies, a fictionalized account of F. O. Matthiessen's life, and suggests the hope, the failures, and the tragedies of Matthiessen's complex relationship with Whitman.]

Martin, Robert K. Review of Vivian Pollak, The Erotic Whitman. Nineteenth-Century Literature 56 (March 2002), 545-546.

Meachen, Clive. Review of Sherry Ceniza, Walt Whitman and 19th-Century Women Reformers. Journal of American Studies 36 (April 2002), 197-198.

Meehan, Sean Ross. "Mirrors with a Memory: Nineteenth-Century American Autobiography and the Photographic Imagination." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Iowa, 2002. [Examines "the implications of photography, the medium and the metaphor," in the writings of Emerson, Thoreau, Frederick Douglass, and Whitman; focuses, in the chapter on Whitman, on the "photographic imagination" in Specimen Days; DAI 63 (October 2002), 1341A.]

Meltzer, Mitchell. "Between Them and the Sky: The Constitutionality of Classic American Literature." Ph.D. Dissertation, City University of New York, 2002. [Views America's "self-constituting" as "a paradoxical legal instrument that on the one hand insists on its thorough-going secular character, yet on the other assumes an almost-miraculous, revelational authority," and examines various writers' responses to this "founding paradox," including Whitman's "grateful acceptance" of it; DAI 63 (September 2002), 946A.]

Miller, Jr., James E. "'Poets to Come . . . Leaving It to You to Prove and Define It': Lucy Chen, Whitman, T. S. Eliot, and Poets Unknown." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 1-25. [Examines the ways Miller's "life has been intertwinted with the life of Zhao Luorui [Lucy Chen]," the Chinese scholar and translator of Whitman, including Miller's assistance on Chen's translation of Leaves of Grass and their mutual interest in T. S. Eliot.]

Millner, Michael. "The Fear Passing the Love of Women: Sodomy and Male Sentimental Citizenship in the Antebellum City." Arizona Quarterly 58 (Summer 2002), 19-52. [Compares Theodore Winthrop's novel Cecil Dreeme (1861) to Whitman's pre-war poetry in terms of the treatment of male-male relations, examining Whitman's "sexualization of fraternity's sentimental conventions," "sentimental male friendship discourse," and "sentimental citizenship," and arguing that Whitman tried "to reimagine male sentimentalism . . . by undercutting its ideological codes," thus creating "a new structure of feeling developed in relation to the masculine sentimental, one that resisted the abstraction and privatization so important to a class-based, white male sentimentalism like Winthrop's."]

Millner, Wallace Michael. “Intimate Publics: Sexual Vice, Mass Culture, and the Transformation of the Antebellum United States Public Sphere.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2002. [Proposes that Boston, New York, and Philadelphia in the decades before the Civil War were becoming “sexual sensoriums” and that “canonical novelists and poets such as Melville, Poe, and Whitman also breathed mass culture's highly eroticized air” and wrote work that reveals “the intersection of sexuality and the structures of citizenship”; DAI 63 (December 2002), 2285A.]

Miyano, Mitsuo. Arishima Takeo no shi to shiron [Arishima Takeo’s Poetry and Theory of Poetry.]. Tokyo: Chobunsha, 2002. [Chapters 2 and 3 examine the relationship between Whitman and the Japanese novelist and critic Arishima Takeo (1878-1923); in Japanese.]

Mobley, Dennis F. “Soft as Glass: A Collection of Poems.” M.A. Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2002. [Contains a critical introduction that “focuses on Emersonian
philosophy and the impact which Emerson's theories, filtered through the poetic system of Walt Whitman, have had on the author's poems”; MAI 40 (October 2002), 1121.]

Monteagudo, Jesse. "Wall to Wall Walt." TWN [Miami, FL] (January 31, 2002), 25. [Review of Gary Schmidgall, ed., Intimate with Walt.]

Moss, Stanley. "Postcard to Walt Whitman from Siena." American Poetry Review 31(November-December 2002), 54. [Poem; the poet walks through a "Renaissance hospital" in Siena, Italy, and thinks of how Whitman used to "nurse the horribly wounded": "I saw a cradle that was a cathedral rocking, / I remembered you sang Italian arias / and the Star-Spangled Banner in your bathtub."]

Myerson, Joel. "'Where's Walt?': Illustrated Editions of Whitman for Younger Readers." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 71-96. [Examines how publishers and editors of children's books have packaged and illustrated Whitman's poetry, especially the poetry that conventional sensibilities might find inappropriate for young readers.]

Nanes, Erika Rachel. “Plain American: The Rhetoric of Vernacularity in Modernist American Poetry.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2002. [The introduction focuses on “the poetic project of Walt Whitman” and argues that “Whitman's poetics . . . evaded the historical and cultural changes of the late nineteenth century by attempting to re-oralize the written word”; DAI 63 (February 2003), 2874A.]

Ness, William B. “‘Bathed in War’s Perfume’: Whitman and the Flag.” In Jack Salzman, ed., Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 247-270. [Examines Whitman’s “Bathed in War’s Perfume” cluster in the 1871 edition of Leaves of Grass and seeks to answer “why Whitman created this cluster during the Reconstruction years only to disassemble it in 1881”; also analyzes “the idea of the flag itself in Whitman’s war and Reconstruction poetry.”]

Nicholson, Karen, ed. "Conversations" (Spring/Summer 2002). [Twice-yearly newsletter of the Walt Whitman Association, Camden, New Jersey, with news of association events and members, including in this issue a profile of photographer Duane Michals and his indebtedness to Whitman (1, 4).]

Nicholson, Karen, ed. "Conversations" (Fall/Winter 2002). [Newsletter of the Walt Whitman Association, Camden, NJ, with news of association events, and, in this issue, the winning entries in the 2002 Walt Whitman Poetry Contest for high school students.]

Ono, Kazuto. “Amerika runesansuki no bunka/bungaku ni okeru uchu ishiki: Gaikan” [“An Overview of the Cosmos in the Literature and Culture of the American Renaissance”]. Eigo Eibungaku Ronso [Studies in English Language and Literature] 52 (2002), 25-54. [Examines the development of astronomy in the nineteenth century and discusses the mid-nineteenth-century scientific view of what the cosmos was like; traces the effects of astronomy on the writings of Emerson, Thoreau, Poe, and Whitman; investigates the “astronomical dynamics” in Leaves of Grass; in Japanese.]

Ou Hong. "Pantheistic Ideas in Guo Moruo's The Goddesses and Whitman's Leaves of Grass." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 187-196. [Argues that Chinese poet Guo Moruo's early reading of Whitman, especially of Whitman's pantheism, reattached Chinese poet Guo Moruo to his Taoist roots.]

Outka, Paul H. "Whitman and Race ('He's Queer, He's Unclear, Get Used to It')." Journal of American Studies 36 (August 2002), 293-318. [Examines "not what Whitman believed about race, but what his poetry does to it," arguing that Whitman's "racism in fact provided a poetic possibility, the sort of internalized social taboo shot through with repressed eroticism that the poetic voice loved to work against," and proposing that the poet found "delight" in imagining "illicit amalgamations" that released "eroticized political energies"; concludes that race was for Whitman not "a problem" but rather "an opportunity for daring intimacy."]

Perkins, Priscilla. Review of Vivian Pollak, The Erotic Whitman. American Literature 74 (September 2002), 640-642.

Price, Kenneth M. Review of Brent Gibson, An Annotated Walt Whitman Bibliography, 1976-1985. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 189-191.

Price, Kenneth M. "An Unknown Whitman Prose Manuscript on the Principle of Aggregation." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 182-183. [Transcribes and discusses a previously unpublished Whitman prose manuscript dealing with the "Central Identity" of the United States.]

Price, Kenneth M. "Walt Whitman at the Movies: Cultural Memory and the Politics of Desire." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 36-70. [Examines Whitman's proto-cinematic poetics and looks at the way filmmakers from D. W. Griffith on up to contemporary directors like Jim Jarmusch and Maria Maggenti have appropriated Whitman and used him as a kind of shorthand for a variety of cultural meanings, including unconventional sexual relationships.]

Randall, Belle. "Donald Davie and Two Ways Out of Whitman." PNR [PN-Review] 28 (January-February 2002), 49-51. [Review of Donald Davie, Two Ways Out of Whitman.]

Scalia, Bill R. “American Transcendental Vision: Emerson to Chaplin.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, 2002. [Examines how Emerson’s call for “an original American literature” was answered by D. W. Griffith and early American cinema, culminating in Charles Chaplin, who “combined the humanism of Emerson with the democratic possibilities of Whitman to create a uniquely American cinema with universal appeal”; DAI 63 (October 2002), 1343A.]

Scharnhorst, Gary. "The First Publication of Grace Ellery Channing's Tribute to Whitman." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 37-39. [Reprints the recently rediscovered first publication of Channing's poem "Walt Whitman" from the Boston Transcript, September 10, 1892.]

Scharnhorst, Gary. "Rediscovered Nineteenth-Century Whitman Articles." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 183-186. [Reprints previously unnoticed items about Whitman from late nineteenth-century newspapers by "E. K." in the Springfield Republican, Richard Maurice Bucke in the Philadelphia Press, William Hosea Ballou in the Chicago Tribune, and an unsigned piece in the Philadelphia Enquirer.]

Scheick, William J. "Whitman and the Afterlife: 'Sparkles from the Wheel.'" Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Fall 2002), 80-86. [Reads "Sparkles from the Wheel" as a poem "about time, especially in relation to the afterlife," that views life as "an ongoing sequence of spiraling trajectories in which every ending is always a new beginning."]

Scholnick, Robert. "'How Dare a Sick Man or an Obedient Man Write Poems?': Walt Whitman and the Dis-ease of the Perfect Body". In Sharon L. Snyder, Brenda Jo Brueggemann, and Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, eds., Disability Studies: Enabling the Humanities (New York: Modern Language Association, 2002), 248-259. [Explores "Whitman's complex, sometimes contradictory, and shifting treatments of the concepts of health, disease, and disability," and examines how during the Civil War "his urgent push for national health and progress collided with his central commitment to democratic inclusion of the disabled."]

Scholnick, Robert. " 'An Unusually Active Market for Calamus': Whitman, Vanity Fair, and the Fate of Humor in a Time of War, 1860-1863." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 148-181. [Tracks over twenty references to Whitman, many of them previously unrecorded, appearing in Vanity Fair during its three-and-a-half year existence and discusses the cultural significance of the journal in the context of Whitman's life and career.]

Schroeder, Phillip. Turning to the Center: Songs for Baritone, Clarinet, and Keyboards. Brooklyn: Capstone Records, 2002. [Compact disk; musical settings of work by Whitman, Mark Twain, and Rumi.]

Sheppard, Christian Michael. "'All so luscious': Mystical Walt Whitman." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago, 2002. [Offers "a rhetorical analysis of the first (1855) edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass in order to understand his mysticism," arguing that "Whitman self-consciously poses a mysticism free from any religious tradition" and that his mysticism is "characterized, quite contrary to most mystical traditions of the West, by his praise of the body as the soul's equal and of carnal desire as properly attending spiritual love"; DAI 63 (July 2002), 226A.]

Skloot, Floyd. "Whitman Pinch-Hits, 1861." Georgia Review 56 (Fall 2002), 784-785. [Poem about Whitman watching a baseball game and being called on to pinch-hit.]

Sill, Geoffrey, and Tyler Hoffman. "The Return of The Mickle Street Review." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 200-201.

Sorisio, Carolyn. Fleshing Out America: Race, Gender, and the Politics of the Body in American Literature, 1833-1879. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002. [Chapter 6, "'Who Need Be Afraid of the Merge?': Whitman's Radical Promise and the Perils of Seduction" (173-201), "juxtapose[s] Whitman's trust in the body as an equal partner on the journey toward knowledge with Emerson's and Fuller's faith in transcendence" and argues that Whitman "harkens back" to earlier interpretations of sexuality in order to "defy his day's rigid corporeal categories," thus challenging "the modern structures of knowledge that were coming to dominate his age" by replacing "what Foucault identifies as scientia sexualis with an ars erotica"; concludes by suggesting that the "liberatory potential" of Whitman's early work is attenuated by his later vision of "a new race of North Americans that is predominantly masculine and Caucasian."]

Stacy, Jason. "Containing Multitudes: Whitman, The Working Class, and the Music of Moderate Reform." Popular Culture Review 13 (2002), 137-154. [Examines Whitman's relationship "to working-class issues in New York in the 1840s and 1850s" and argues that "Whitman's reform program regarding labor in the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass is, by necessity, essentially moderate and often quite conservative," and that his "radical vision" does not necessarily make "for radical politics"; Whitman thus rejects "hierarchical and divisive reform" and "the labor theory of value" in favor of his own more moderate "'symphonic' theory of value in which all elements of the production process equally contribute to create the national 'movement.'"]

Stewart, Christopher Buren. “In Paths Untrodden: Queer Spiritual Autobiography.” Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 2002. [Traces “a discrete tradition of life-writing among homosexual men” that originates with Whitman,” arguing “that his influence persists throughout its history,” including in the work of Edward Carpenter, Oscar Wilde, and Christopher Isherwood,” all of whom appropriate “conventional features of spiritual autobiography (such as confession, conversion narrative, exhortation, and the exemplum)” in developing the “‘coming out’ narrative” so central to queer literature; DAI 63 (January 2003), 2553A.]

Stoddard, Martha. "Whitman's Body of Work Goes Electric." Lincoln Journal Star (November 13, 2002), 1-2A. [About a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services to fund the development of deep finding aids for the Whitman Archive (www.whitmanarchive.org).]

Strassburg, Robert. Review of Lawrence Kramer, ed., Walt Whitman and Modern Music. Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 19 (Winter/Spring 2002), 191-192.

Strassburg, Robert, ed. The Walt Whitman Circle 12 (Summer 2002). [Quarterly newsletter of the Leisure World Walt Whitman Circle, with notices of Circle events and of Whitman events worldwide.]

Strassburg, Robert, ed. The Walt Whitman Circle 12 (Fall 2002). [Quarterly newsletter of the Leisure World Walt Whitman Circle, Laguna Hills, California; this issue contains a brief article on "Walt Whitman, Gautama Buddha and Daisaku Ikeda" (1) and a review of Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (2), both by Strassburg.]

Sturr, Robert D. "The Presence of Walt Whitman in Ha Jin's Waiting." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 20 (Summer 2002), 1-18. [Examines Ha Jin's use of Whitman in his 1999 novel Waiting, analyzing the effects of evoking Whitman in a novel set during the Chinese Cultural Revolution and finding the character of Whitman "an elusive figure who is not so easily contained in single-minded political interpretations."]

Taylor, Andrew. Review of Joann Krieg, Walt Whitman and the Irish. Irish University Review 32 (Spring/Summer 2002), 198-201.

Thomas, M. Wynn. "Representatives and Revolutionists: The New Urban Politics Revisited." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 145-158. [Argues that Whitman exhibits two often-contradictory attitudes--a localized and usually contemptuous response to the democracy he saw operating around him and a more universalizing and millenarian imagination of what a future perfected democracy would look like--and proposes that, depending on which attitude was operating at any given time, Whitman's tone changed from anger to hope, from confrontation to conciliation, from revolutionist to representative; offers as a test case Whitman's reactions to New York mayor Fernando Wood and his factional politics.]

Thomas, M. Wynn. Review of Vivian R. Pollak, The Erotic Whitman. Journal of American Studies 36 (December 2002), 551.

Wang Ning. "Modernity and Whitman's Reception in Chinese Literature." In Ed Folsom, ed., Whitman East and West (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 197-207. [Examines "the unique role [Whitman] played in the process of China's political and cultural modernity as well as in the Chinese literary modernist movement," arguing that Whitman's influence "has actually helped rewrite modern Chinese literary history, especially in terms of poetry."]

Wardrop, Daneen. Word, Birth, and Culture: The Poetry of Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson. Wesport, CT: Greenwood, 2002. [Argues that “the language of Poe, Whitman, and Dickinson resists or wrenches conventional patriarchal notions of what is female; their consideration of the ‘woman question,’ brought to currency in their century, leads them to extend language in fresh ways”; Chapter 2, “Whitman’s ‘Song of Myself’ and Gestative Signification” (31-44), originally appeared in Texas Studies in Literature and Language [1998] and explores Whitman’s “transgressive pleasure in becoming a mother” and in “attempting to find a gender-crossed voice”; Chapter 5, “Word, Birth, and Whitman’s Water Cure” (81-103) examines “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking,” “As I Ebb’d with the Ocean of Life,” and “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” as “poems celebrating the maternal ‘float,’” and offers an overview of hydropathy and the “reverencing of water” as “a pervasive influence in Whitman’s America.”]

Warner, Michael. Publics and Counterpublics. New York: Zone Books, 2002. [Chapter 8, “Whitman Drunk” (269-289), examines Franklin Evans as "Whitman's first extended treatment of a dialectic between self mastery and self-abandonment"; originally appeared in Betsy Erkkila and Jay Grossman, eds., Breaking Bounds (1996).]

Whitman, Walt. Hojas de hierba. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Longseller, 2002. [Selection of Whitman's poems (13-322) and "A Backward Glance o'er Travel'd Roads" (323-345), translated into Spanish by Leandro Wolfson, with a prologue ("Hojas de hierba: veinticinco años después," 7-11); an "Apéndice explicativo" (347-376) explaining the nature of the present edition, describing the various editions of Leaves of Grass, exploring the structure of Leaves (focusing on the persona, the nation, and the spirit), and discussing Whitman's style and the challenges it poses to translation; a glossary of key terms, along with extensive notes (377-415); and a bibliography (417-421), all by Wolfson; in Spanish.]

Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass and Other Writings. Norton Critical Edition. Revised second edition, ed. Michael Moon. New York: Norton, 2002. [An expanded and revised edition of the original Norton Critical Edition (1973), edited by Sculley Bradley and Harold W. Blodgett, which in turn was an expanded edition of the New York University Press Leaves of Grass, Comprehensive Reader's Edition (1965); Moon adds a preface (xxi-xxii), lightly revises the explanatory footnotes, adds the complete text of the 1855 Leaves of Grass (662-751), includes transcriptions (made by Hershel Parker) of Whitman's original "Live Oak, with Moss" poetic sequence (752-756), includes excerpts from Democratic Vistas (757-773) and Specimen Days (774-782), replaces a manuscript facsimile of "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" with a facsimile from an early Whitman notebook ("I am the poet of slaves," 789); replaces early criticism of Whitman by George Sainstsbury, Barrett Wendell, Basil De Selincourt, Van Wyck Brooks, John Cooper Powys, Lewis Mumford, Vernon Louis Parrington, Henry Alonzo Myers, and Cesare Pavese with critical excerpts from Fanny Fern, Henry David Thoreau, Anne Gilchrist, Oscar Wilde, and Henry James; replaces more recent criticism by Richard Chase, Gay Wilson Allen, Iwao Matsuhara, Malcolm Cowley, V. K. Chari, Roger Asselineau, Karl Shapiro, Bernice Slote, Denis Donoghue, Anthony Burgess, Kenneth Rexroth, Horace M. Kallen, and Harold W. Blodgett with critical excerpts and essays by David S. Reynolds, Karen Sanchez-Eppler, Michael Moon, John Irwin, Allen Grossman, and Betsy Erkkila; updates Selected Bibliography (905-906).]

Whitman, Walt. 256 Wiersze i Poematy. Krakowie [Poland]: Wydawnictwo Miniatura, 2002. [Translation, by Andrzej Szuba, of over 200 poems from Leaves of Grass, with a chronology of Whitman's life (512-518) by Szuba.]

Wilson, Ivy Glenn. "'I give the sign of democracy': Race, Labor, and the Aesthetics of Nationalism." Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University, 2002. [Explores "the intricate relationship between race, labor, and nation" in works by Whitman and Melville, showing "how Whitman eventuates an aesthetics of nationalism through sublimation," investigating "why some of Whitman's prose works . . . do not share the full promissory vision of incorporation of Leaves of Grass," and tracing "the difficulties in his non-fiction prose of creating an expansive 'lexicon of nationalism' by moving beyond explaining his critique of slavery and his endorsement of annexation as the logically necessary and sequentially residual benefits of upholding the supreme legitimacy of America's white working class"; DAI 63 (September 2002), 950A.]

Unsigned. Brief review of Gary Schmidgall, ed., Intimate with Walt. American Literature 74 (March 2002), 200.

Unsigned. "Professors Receive Funds for Whitman Archive." Scarlet [University of Nebraksa-Lincon] 12 (October 31, 2002), 2. [About Ken Price and Katherine Walter receiving a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services to fund deep finding aids to Whitman manuscripts for the Whitman Archive (www.whitmanarchive.org).]

Unsigned. The Walt Whitman Collection. East Ardsley, England: Microform Academic Publishers, 2002. [Microfilm Edition of the Charles F. Sixsmith Collection in the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, England, based on the catalog produced by Frances Baker and incorporating on twelve microfilm reels Papers Relating to J. W. Wallace and the Bolton Whitman Fellowship (1876-1957), the C. F. Sixsmith Walt Whitman Collection, the C. F. Sixsmith Edward Carpenter Collection, the C. F. Sixsmith Collection of H. L. Traubel Correspondence, the C. F. Sixsmith Collection of Miscellenea, and the C. F. Sixsmith Collection of Printed and Photographic Material. Accompanied by a printed guide, including "Introduction to the Walt Whitman Collection" (1-36) by Carolyn Masel, which draws on "the wealth of material which comprises the part of the archive of the Bolton Whitman Fellowship that is held in John Rylands University Library of Manchester," and focuses on "those aspects that would interest a contemporary readership, namely: the reception of Whitman's poetry, early British socialism, and utopian visionaries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries"; the rest of the guide prints introductions to the various parts of the collection and the full catalog of all items in the collection, prepared by Frances Baker. Part of the "British Records Relating to America in Microform" series, edited by Richard Simmons.]

Unsigned. "Whitman's Influence on Modern Poetics." Multitudes [Journal of the Walt Whitman Arts Center, Camden, New Jersey] (Spring 2002), 4-5, 8, 10, 12-13, 15-16, 18-24. [Panel discussion (at the Walt Whitman Arts Center) initiated by a reading of Whitman's "A Noiseless Patient Spider" and focusing on Whitman's "influence on modern and post-modern poetry and poetics"; participants include Anselm Hollo, Jack Collom, Heather Thomas, Rachel DuPlessis, Jana Osman, and Bob Perelman.]