Hunter-Gatherer
Ethnoarchaeology
Anthropology 113:178
119 Macbride Hall
Thursday 2:30-5:20 pm
James G. Enloe
241 Macbride
355-0514
james-enloe@uiowa.edu
Syllabus 113:178 Hunter-Gatherer Ethnoarchaeology Fall 2003
119 Macbride Hall Thursday 2:30-5:20 pm
Professor: James Enloe Departmental Executive Officer: Michael
Chibnik
Office hours: Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday 1:00-2:30
or by appointment: 355-0514 or
james-enloe@uiowa.edu
This course is a survey of recent literature which covers
changing perspectives in anthropology on the nature of hunter-gatherers, their
adaptations, gender roles, social complexity, and their relationship to our
understanding of prehistoric hunter-gatherers. Ethnoarchaeology is examined as
a methodology and a means of linking modern observations with interpretations
of prehistoric behavior and its implications for human evolution.
Required text
Kelly, R.L., 1995 The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity
in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Additional readings Photocopies of book chapters and journal articles are on 2 hour
reserve at the main library. All readings are obligatory. You may want
to search out the original publications for a better look at photographs, etc.
Course Requirements
This is an upper division and graduate course, which will
take the form of a seminar. Students are expected to have read, digested and
synthesized all of the readings before coming to class. Attendance at all
classes is obligatory, since much of the grade will be based on class
participation in seminar discussions. Each student will prepare a short paper
that synthesizes, compares and contrasts the readings for each week, to be
turned in at the end of each class. Due to the immediate relationship between
readings and discussions, no late papers will be accepted. Students will
be assigned to present individual readings and to lead class discussion of
those readings. Come to class with at least two good, provocative questions
on the reading. The number of times during the semester each student will
be presenting will depend on the number of students registered and attending
the seminar. We will read at least 70 articles or chapters during the semester,
so the average will be about seven readings per week.
Students are referred to the Fall 2003 Schedule
of Classes for University policy on academic misconduct and student complaints.
The University is required by law to make reasonable accommodations for
students with disabilities. If this applies to you, you must register with the
Office of Student Disability Services (335-1462). They will inform you of your
rights and responsibilities. You should also identify yourself as disabled, if
the disability is not obvious, to your professor. More details on these topics
can be found at the end of this syllabus.
Week 2: Sept 4- Traditional
views of hunter-gatherer social organization
Week 4:
Sept 18 - Mobility Patterns and Subsistence Organization
Week 5:
Sept 25 - Demography
Week 6:
Oct 2 - Woman the Gatherer
Week 9:
October 23 - Interaction with Neighboring Cultures
Week
10: Oct 30 - The Revisionist Debate
Week
11: November 6 - Updating Current Views on Affluence
Week 12: November 13 - Ethnoarchaeology
Week
13: Nov 20 - Site Structure
Week
14: Nov 27 – Thanksgiving Recess
Week
15: Dec 4 - Faunal Analysis
Readings:
Week 1: August 28 - Introduction to Hunters and
Gatherers
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 1. Hunter-Gatherers and
Anthropology. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer
Lifeways, pp. 1-37. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 2. Environment, Evolution, and
Anthropological Theory. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in
Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways, pp.39-64. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington.
Binford, L.R.
2001 Ch. 1: “Founder’s effect” and the
study of hunter-gatherers. Constructing Frames of Reference: An
Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using hunter-Gatherer and
Environmental Data Sets, pp. 9-31. University of California Press,
Berkeley.
Steward, J.H.
1955 Theory of Culture Change: the
Methodology of Multilinear Evolution, Ch. 7: The patrilineal band.
pp.122-142, and Ch. 8:The Composite Band, pp. 143-150
Lee, R.B., and I. Devore
1968 Problems in the study of hunters and
gatherers. In: R.B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., Man the Hunter, pp.
3-12. Aldine, Chicago.
Murdock, G.P.
1968 The current status of the world's
hunting and gathering peoples. In: R.B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., Man the
Hunter, pp. 12-20. Aldine, Chicago.
Service, E.R.
1971 Primitive Social Organization,
Ch. 3: The social organization of bands, pp. 46-98.
Barnard, A.
2000 The hunter-gatherer mode of thought.
Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Buenos Aires, pp. 7-24.
Buenos Aires.
Roscoe, P.
2002 The hunters and gatherers of New
Guinea. Current Anthropology 43(1):153-162.
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 3. Foraging and subsistence. The
Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways, pp. 65-110.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Smith, E.A., and B. Winterhalder
1981 New Perspectives on Hunter-Gatherer
Socioecology. In: Winterhalder, B., and E.A. Smith, eds., Hunter-Gatherer
Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archeological Analyses, pp. 1-12.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Winterhalder, B.
1981 Optimal foraging strategies and
hunter-gatherer research in anthropology: Theory and models. In: Winterhalder,
B., and E.A. Smith, eds., Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies:
Ethnographic and Archeological Analyses, pp. 13-35. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago.
Smith, E.A.
1981 The Application of Optimal Foraging
Theory to the Analysis of Hunter-Gatherer Group Size. In: Winterhalder, B., and
E.A. Smith, eds., Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and
Archeological Analyses, pp. 36-65. University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
Wiessner, P.
1980 Risk, reciprocity and social
influences on !Kung San economics. In: E. Leacock and R. Lee, eds., Politics
and History in Band Societies, pp.61-84. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Kaplan, H., and K. Hill
1985 Food sharing among Ache foragers:
Tests of explanatory Hypotheses. Current Anthropology 26(2):223-
246.
Bird-David, N.
1990 The giving environment: Another
perspective on the economic systems of gatherer-hunters. Current
Anthropology 31(2):189-196.
Alvard, M.S., and D.A. Nolin
2002 Rousseau’s whale hunt? Coordination
among big-game hunters. Current Anthropology 43 (4):533-559.
Week 4: September 18 - Mobility Patterns and Subsistence
Organization
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 4. Foraging and Mobility and Ch.
5. Sharing, Exchange and Land Tenure. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity
in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways, pp. 111-160, 161-204. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington.
Binford, L.R.
1980 Willow smoke and dogs' tails:
Hunter-gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation. American
Antiquity 45:(1):4-20.
Wiesner, P.
1982 Beyond willow smoke and dogs' tails:
A comment on Binford's analysis of hunter-gatherer settlement systems. American
Antiquity 47:(1):171-178.
Kelly, R.L.
1983 Hunter-gatherer mobility strategies.
Journal of Anthropological Research 39(3):277-306.
MacDonald, D.H., and B.S. Hewlett
1999 Reproductive interests and forager
mobility. Current Anthropology 40(4):501-523.
Week 5: Sept 25 - Demography
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 6. Group Size and Reproduction. The
Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways, pp. 205-259.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Dunn, F.L.
1968 Epidemiological Factors: Health and
Disease in Hunter-Gatherers. In: R.B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., Man the
Hunter, pp. 221-228. Aldine, Chicago.
Birdsell, J.B.
1968 Some Predictions for the Pleistocene
Based on Equilibrium Systems among Recent Hunter-Gatherers. In: R.B. Lee and I.
DeVore, eds., Man the Hunter, pp. 229-240. Aldine, Chicago.
Lee, R.B., and I. DeVore, eds.
1968 Discussion, Part V. In: R.B. Lee and
I. DeVore, eds., Man the Hunter, pp. 241-249. Aldine, Chicago.
Glassow, M.A.
1978 The Concept of Carrying Capacity in
the Study of Cultural Process. In: M.B. Schiffer, ed., Advances in
Archaeological Method and Theory 1:31-48.
Hammel, E.A.
1988 A glimpse into the demography of the
Ainu. American Anthropologist 90:25-41.
Kent, S., and R.B. Lee
1992 A hemotological study of !Kung
Kalahari foragers: An eighteen year comparison. In: P. Stuart-Macadam and S.
Kent, eds., Diet, Demography, and Disease: Changing Perspectives on
Anemia, pp. 173-200.
Week 6: Oct 2 - Woman the Gatherer
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 7. Men, Women and Foraging. The
Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways, pp. 261-292.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Lee, R.B.
1968 What Hunters Do for a Living, or,
How to Make out on Scarce Resources. In: R.B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., Man
the Hunter, pp. 30-48. Aldine, Chicago.
Dahlberg, F.
1981 Introduction. In: F. Dahlberg, ed., Woman
the Gatherer, pp. 1-33. Yale University Press, New Haven.
Estioko-Griffin, A., and P.B. Griffin
1981 Woman the Hunter. In: F. Dahlberg,
ed., Woman the Gatherer, pp. 121-151. Yale University Press, New
Haven.
O'Connell, J.F., and K. Hawkes
1981 Alyawara Plant Use and Optimal
Foraging Theory. In: Winterhalder, B., and E.A. Smith, eds., Hunter-Gatherer
Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archeological Analyses, pp.
99-125. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hawkes, K., J. F. O'Connell and N. G.
Blurton Jones
1989. Hardworking Hadza grandmothers. In Comparative Socioecology: The
Behavioural Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals, edited by V.
Standen & R.A. Foley, pp. 341-366. London: Basil Blackwell
Bodenhorn, B.
1990 "I'm not the great hunter, my
wife is": Iñupiat and anthropological models of gender. Études/Inuit/Studies
14 (1-2):55-74.
O'Connell, J. F., K. Hawkes, and N. G.
Blurton Jones
1999 Grandmothering and the
evolution of Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution
36:461-485.
Kaplan, H., K. Hill, J. Lancaster and
A.M. Hurtado
2000 A theory of human life history
evolution: diet, intelligence and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology
9 (4):156-185.
Noss, Andrew J., and Barry S. Hewlett
2001 The contexts of female hunting in
Central Africa. American Anthropologist 103(4):1024-1040.
Week 7: Oct 9 - Simplicity and Complexity –
Modern Hunter-Gatherers
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 8. Egalitarian and
Nonegalitarian Hunter-Gatherers. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in
Hunter- Gatherer Lifeways, pp. 293-331. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington.
Testart, A.
1982 The significance of food storage
among hunters and gatherers: residence patterns, population densities, and
social inequities. Current Anthropology 23:523-537.
Suttles, W.P.
1968 Coping with abundance: Subsistence
on the Northwest Coast. In: Man the Hunter, ed. by R.B. Lee and
I. DeVore, pp. 56-68. Aldine, Chicago.
Turnbull, C.M.
1968 The importance of flux in two
hunting societies. In Man the Hunter, ed. by R.B. Lee and I.
DeVore, pp. 132-137. Aldine, Chicago.
Schalk, R.
1982 Land use and organizational
complexity among foragers of northwestern North America. In Affluent
Foragers, ed. by S. Koyama and D. H. Thomas, pp. 53-75. Senri
Ethnological Series No. 9. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka.
Watanabe, H.
1982 Occupational differentiation and
social stratification: the case of northern Pacific maritime food- gatherers. Current
Anthropology 24 (2):217-219
Woodburn, J.
1982 Egalitarian societies. Man
17:431-451.
Week 8: Oct 16 - Complex Hunter-Gatherers in
Prehistory
King, T.F.
1978 Don't that beat the band? Nonegalitarian
political organization in prehistoric central California. In Social
Archaeology: Beyond Subsistence and Dating, ed. by C.L. Redman, et al.,
pp. 225-248. Academic Press, New York.
Yesner, D.R.
1980 Maritime hunter-gatherers: Ecology
and prehistory. Current Anthropology 21 (6):727-750.
Rowley-Conwy, P.
1983 Sedentary hunters: the Ertebølle
example. In Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory: A European Perspective,
ed. by G. Bailey, pp. 111-126. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Schrirer, C.
1984 Past and Present in Hunter
Gatherer Studies, Ch. 1: "Wild surmises on savage thoughts",
by C. Shrirer. pp. 1-25.
Price, T.D., and J.A. Brown
1985 Prehistoric Hunters and
Gatherers: the Emergence of Cultural Complexity, Ch. 1: Aspects of
hunter- gatherer complexity. pp. 3-20.
Cohen, M.N.
1985 Prehistoric hunter-gatherers: the
meaning of social complexity. In Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers: the
Emergence of Cultural Complexity, ed. by T.D. Price and J.A. Brown, pp.
99-119. Academic Press, New York.
Mellars, P.A.
1985 The ecological basis of social
complexity in the Upper Paleolithic of southwestern France. In Prehistoric Hunters and Gatherers:
the Emergence of Cultural Complexity, ed. by T.D. Price and J.A. Brown,
pp. 271- 298. Academic Press, New York.
Week 9: Oct 23 - Interaction with Neighboring Cultures
Lathrap, D.W.
1968
The "Hunting Economies of the Tropical Forest Zone of South
America: An Attempt at Historical Perspective. In: R.B. Lee and I. DeVore,
eds., Man the Hunter, pp. 23-29. Aldine, Chicago.
Headland, T.N., and L.A. Reid
1989 Hunter-gatherers and their neighbors
from prehistory to the present. Current Anthropology 30(1):43-
208.
Lukacs, J.R.
1989 On hunter-gatherers and their
neighbors in prehistoric India: Contact and pathology. Current
Anthropology 31(2):183-186.
Bailey, R.C., G. Head, M. Jenike, B.
Owen, R. Rechtman, and E. Zechenter
1989 Hunting and gathering in the
tropical rain forest: Is it possible? American Anthropologist 91:59-82.
Hitchcock, R.K
1994 Kalahari land use systems: An
ethnoarchaeological perspective. Paper presented at symposium "Resolving
Africa's Environmental and Socioeconomic Problems: An Archaeological
Perspective," American Association for the Advancement of Science annual
meetings, San Francisco, CA, Feb. 18-23, 1994.
Week 10: October 30 - The Revisionist Debate
Solway, J.S., and R.B. Lee
1990 Foragers, genuine or spurious?
Situating the Kalahari San in history. Current Anthropology 31(2):109-
146.
Wilmsen, E.N., and J.R. Denbow
1990 Paradigmatic history of San-speaking
peoples and current attempts at revision. Current Anthropology 31(5):489-524.
Lee, R.B.
1992 Art, science or politics: The crisis
in hunter-gatherer studies. American Anthropologist 94:31-54.
Schott, M.J.
1991 Archaeological implications of
revisionism in ethnography. Michigan Discussions in Anthropology:
Hunter-Gatherer Studies 10:31-40.
Kent, S.
1992 The current forager controversy:
Real versus ideal views of hunter-gatherers. Man (N.S.) 27:45-70.
Sylvain, R.
2002 “Land, Water, and Truth”, San
identity and global indigenism. American Anthropologist 104 (4):1074-1085.
Week 11: Nov 6 - Updating Current Views on Affluence
Sahlins, M.
1972 The Original Affluent Society. In: Stone
Age Economics, pp. 1-39.
Testart, A.
1988 Some major problems in the social
anthropology of hunter-gatherers. Current Anthropology 29(1):1-31.
Smith, E.A.
1991 The current state of hunter-gatherer
studies. Current Anthropology 32(1):72-75.
Bird-David, N.
1992 Beyond "The Original Affluent
Society." Current Anthropology 33(1):25-47.
Kaplan, D.
2000 The darker side of the “Original
Affluent Society.” Journal of Anthropological Research 56
(3):301-324.
Week 12: November 13 - Ethnoarchaeology
Kelly, R.L.
1995 Ch. 9. Hunter-Gatherers and
Prehistory. The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways,
pp. 333-344. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
Binford, L.R.
1967 Smudge pits and hide smoking: the
use of analogy in archaeological reasoning. American Antiquity 32(1):1-12.
Binford, L.R.
1968 Methodological considerations of the
archeological use of ethnographic data. In: R.B. Lee and I. DeVore, eds., Man
the Hunter, pp. 268-273. Aldine, Chicago.
Binford, L.R.
1972 Archaeological reasoning and smudge
pits – revisited. In: L.R. Binford, An Archaeological Perspective,
pp. 52-58. Seminar Press, New York.
Binford, L.R.
1977 General introduction. In: L.R.
Binford, ed., For Theory Building in Archaeology: Essays on Faunal
Remains, Aquatic Resources, Spatial Analysis, and Systemic Modeling,
pp. 1-10. Academic Press, New York.
Wobst, H.M.
1978 The archaeo-ethnography of
hunter-gathers, or the tyranny of the ethnographic record in archaeology.American
Antiquity 43:303-309.
Gould, R.A.
1978 The anthropology of human residues. American
Anthropologist 80:815-835.
Binford, L.R.
1981 Middle Range Research and the Role
of Actualistic Studies. In: Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths,
pp. 21-30. Academic Press, New York.
Binford, L.R.
1985 Brand"X" versus the
recommended product. American Antiquity 50:(3):580-590.
Gould, R.A.
1985 The empiricist strikes back: Reply
to Binford. American Antiquity 50:(3):638-644.
Week 13: November 20 – Site Structure
O'Connell, J.F.
1987 Alyawara site structure and its
archaeological implications. American Antiquity 52(1):74-108.
Janes, R.R.
1989 A
comment on microdebitage analyses and cultural site-formation processes among
tipi dwellers. American Antiquity
54(4):851-855.
Simms, R.S., and K.M. Heath
1990 Site Structure of the Orbit Inn: An
Application of Ethnoarchaeology. American Antiquity 55(4):797-813.
Smith, C.S., and L.M. McNees
1999 Facilities and hunter-gatherer
long-term land use patterns: an example from southwest Wyoming. American
Antiquity 64(1):117-136.
Widlok, T.
1999 Mapping spatial and social
permeability. Current Anthropology 40 (3):392-400.
Yellen, J.E.
1977 Cultural Patterning in Faunal
Remains: Evidence from the !Kung Bushmen. In: D. Ingersoll, J.E. Yellen and W.
Macdonald, eds., Experimental Archeology, pp. 271-331.
Jarvenpa, R., and H.J. Brumbach
1983 Ethnarchaeological perspectives on
an Athapaskan moose kill. Arctic 36 (2):174-184.
Binford, L.R.
1984 Butchering, sharing, and the
archaeological record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3:235-257.
Hudson, J.
1990 Identifying food sharing
archaeologically: an ethnoarchaeological study among the Aka. Paper presented
at the Sixth International Conference on Hunting and Gathering Societies,
Fairbanks.
Speth, J.D.
1990 Seasonality, resource stress, and
food sharing in so-called “egalitarian” foraging societies. Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology 9:148-188.
Helm, J.
1993 “Always with them either a feast or
a famine”: living off the land with Chipewyan Indians, 1791-1792. Arctic
Anthropology 30 (2):46-60.
Lupo, K.D. and J. F. O'Connell
2002 Cut and
Tooth Mark Distributions on Large Animal Bones: Ethnoarchaeological Data from
the Hadza and Their Implications For Current Ideas About Early Human Carnivory,
Journal of
Archaeological Science 29(1):85-109
Enloe, J.G.
2003 Food Sharing Past and Present: Archaeological Evidence
for Economic and Social Interaction. Before Farming: the archaeology and
anthropology of hunter-gatherers 2003/1(1):1-23.
Binford, L.R.
1977 Forty-seven Trips: A Case Study in
the Character of Archaeological Formation Process. In: R.V.S. Wright, ed., Stone
Tools as Cultural Markers, pp. 24-36. Humanities Press, Atlantic
Highlands, NJ. (reprinted in: L.R.Binford 1983, Working at Archaeology,
pp. 243-268. Academic Press, New York.)
Ebert, J.I.
1979 An Ethnoarchaeological Approach to
Reassessing the Meaning of Variability in Stone Tool Assemblages. In: C.Kramer,
ed., Ethnoarchaeology: Implications of Ethnography for Archaeology,
pp.59-74. Columbia University Press, New York.
Binford, L.R.
1986 An Alyawara Day: Making Men's Knives
and Beyond. American Antiquity 51 (3):547-562.
Bleed, P.
1986 The optimal design of hunting
weapons: maintainability or reliability. American Antiquity 51:737-747.
Roscoe, P.B.
1990 The bow and spreadnet: Ecological
origins of hunting technology. American Anthropologist 92:691-701.
Bamforth, D.B.
1991 Technological organization and
hunter-gatherer land use: A California example. American Antiquity 56:(2):216-234.
Greaves, R.D.
1996 Ethnoarchaeology of wild root
collection among savanna foragers of Venezuela. Paper presented at the 54th
annual Plains Anthropological conference, Iowa City, October 31, 1996.
Osborn, A.J.
1999 From global models to regional patterns:
Possible determinants of Folsom hunting weapon design, diversity, and complexity.
In: D.S. Amick, ed., Folsom Lithic Technology: Explorations in Structure
and Variability, pp.188-213. International Monographs in Prehistory,
Ann Arbor.